No abstract

No abstract

The purpose of the present study was to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of biodiesel production by reactive extraction (in situ) of Jatropha seeds. Oil from the seeds was extracted and reacted in a single step. Experimental studies have been carried out to maximize the yield of biodiesel by varying the reaction parameters viz. seed size (\0.85 mm to [2.46 mm), seed/solvent ratio (w/w) (1:2.6-1:7.8) and catalyst concentration (0.05-0.1 M). Under the optimized conditions: seed size ([2.46 mm), seed/solvent ratio (w/w) (1:7.8), catalyst concentration (0.1 M) and reaction time 1 h, approximately 98% conversion to biodiesel was achieved meeting International (ASTM) as well as National (BIS) specifications. The results were supported by HPLC analysis.

Nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) was found to be an efficient metal free and heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification of different fatty compounds including Bischofia javanica and Toona ciliata fatty acids with long chain alcohols.

Herein, fatty acid (oleic acid, OA) was upgraded to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via esterification reaction using sulfonated biochar obtained from eucalyptus tree shed bark as solid acid catalyst.