Significance and Impact of Study: Genetic engineering using Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) has been shown previously to increase ethanol production by Escherichia coli from fermentation of the sugars in corn fibre hydrolysate. The study reported here demonstrates a similar VHb enhancement of ethanol production by fermentation of the glucose from potato waste water hydrolysate and thus extends the list of sugar containing waste products from which ethanol production may be enhanced by this strategy. AbstractEthanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR5 was transformed with the Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) gene (vgb) in two constructs (resulting in strains TS3 and TS4). Strains FBR5, TS3 and TS4 were grown at two scales in LB medium supplemented with potato-processing wastewater hydrolysate. Aeration was varied by changes in the medium volume to flask volume ratio. Parameters measured included culture pH, cell growth, VHb levels and ethanol production. VHb expression in strains TS3 and TS4 was consistently correlated with increases in ethanol production (5-18%) under conditions of low aeration, but rarely did this occur with normal aeration. The increase in ethanol yields under low aeration conditions was the result of enhancement of ethanol produced per unit of biomass rather than enhancement of growth. 'VHb technology' may be a useful adjunct in the production of biofuels from food-processing wastewater.