Spathoglottis species are popular terrestrial orchids used as model for orchid studies. Due to alarming threat to species diversity, loss of habitat and increasing popularity, it needs to establish information on morphological characteristics as well as genetic variability for qualitative and quantitative traits to utilize for the genetic improvement programme and conservation of these endangered species. With these objectives an attempt was made to estimate genetic variability in terms of genetic component of variance, heritability and genetic advance in per cent of mean for biometrical traits and qualitative traits of four species viz, Spathoglottis albida Kraenzl., Spathoglottis gracilis Rolfe ex Hook.f., Spathoglottis unguiculata (Labill.) Rchb.f. and Spathoglottis plicata Blume. Results showed that flower colour, the colour and shape of the labellum and bracts were important characteristics used to resolve the morphological difference within Spathoglottis species. Biometrical traits viz, plant height, length of inflorescence, flower size, capsule size, number of flowers / inflorescence etc. involved significant role in the differentiation of species for utilization in the genetic improvement programme. Breeding method selection can be adopted for the genetic improvement programme since the genetic variability estimate revealed statistically significant high phenotypic coefficient of variation, genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance in per cent of mean for most of these biometrical traits.

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Domesticated cattle represent not only a large source of sustenance but also a source of income for billions of people. The dairy sector has a very significant role in the Indian economy, but many tasks need to be addressed in order to preserve governmental agencies, in order to maintain the competitiveness and long-term viability of the industry, we have been attempting to identify healthy dairy cows with enhanced or decreased potential. For many years, several diseases in cattle, including the development of mastitis, were reducing the milk industry. Furthermore, the disease has a significant detrimental influence on dairy industry production as a result of poor milk quality and decreased industrial yield. The present review aimed to provide complete information on mastitis in one place and to be helpful for researchers.

The present study was undertaken at ICAR-CTCRI, Sreekaryam to identify and group N and K efficient genotypes from a pool of released varieties, pre-breeding lines and elite landraces of cassava during 2021-2022. Thirty genotypes of cassava were evaluated for their diversity based on N and K efficiency along with some of its contributing plant characters using statistical tools like principal component analysis, and dendrogram clustering. The variation existing among the selected genotypes was observed through PCA, where the first six principal components accounted for nearly 81% of the total variability. Characters like tuber yield, plant height, stem girth, tuber length and tuber girth contributed to the greater variability among the genotypes. The dendrogram analysis classified the genotypes into six clusters based on the 18 parameters contributing to nutrient use efficiency. The proportion of the variance accounted by these clusters came up to the extent of 50% displaying the association of the genotypes with similar characters in these clusters. These analyses helped to realize the wide range of variability existing among the selected genotypes for the 18 characters studied.  A simple correlation was also worked out between N and K use efficiency with root traits, which revealed that characters such as weight of storage roots, number of storage roots, and number of basal roots showed a positive correlation with both N and K use efficiency in cassava.