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Urinary tract infections (UTI) continue to be the commonest nosocomial infections. UTI is often treated with different broadspectrum antibiotics when one with a narrow spectrum of activity may be appropriate. The extensive use of antimicrobial agents have invariably resulted in development of antibiotic resistance, which in recent years has become a major problem worldwide. AIM AND OBJECTIVES1) Aim of the study is to isolate bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTI). 2) To understand resistance pattern of uropathogens which assist in choosing empirical therapy for urinary tract infections (UTI). MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was conducted on patients with clinically suspected UTI attending our hospital. 500 urine samples were collected from these patients and were tested. All the isolates were identified according to the standard biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method. RESULTS160 isolates of uropathogens isolated from 500 clinical samples of urine were included in this study. Among 160 isolates (major bacterial isolates from UTI), the predominant isolate was Escherichia coli and the second most common organism was Klebsiella spp. followed by CONS, Candida spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter. 25.62% of organisms were isolated from male patients and 74.37% were isolated from female patients. This showed a female predominance. Age group between 21-30 showed highest incidence of UTI followed by 1-10, 11-20, 31-40, 41-50, 61-75, 51-60 and ≥75. This showed more incidence of UTI among sexually active population. Escherichia coli predominated in hospital as well as in community patients. The second most common was Klebsiella spp. which predominated in hospitalised patients. Among the community patients, Escherichia coli predominated followed by Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., CONS and Pseudomonas spp. In the present study, it was observed that ESBL production was 91.04% in Escherichia coli, 77.77% in Klebsiella spp., in Pseudomonas spp. it was 50%. MBL production was observed in 2.98% of Escherichia coli, 50% of Pseudomonas spp., 16.66% of Klebsiella spp. In this study, Gram-negative bacilli isolated from UTI were highly sensitive to amikacin and imipenem, and Grampositive organisms were sensitive to vancomycin and imipenem except Enterococci which showed 100% resistance to vancomycin.

Background: Rickets is a growing bone disease that is common in children and adolescents. It is triggered by the inability of the osteoid to calcify in a growing individual. Even in countries with ample sun exposure, rickets is a common health problem which leads to frequent morbidities. Inadequate information on its prevalence and risk factors is available. For the study of prevalence and prominence of clinical characteristics of rickets in children aged between 0 - 10 years.Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional analysis. This study was conducted over a period of one year  from June 2018 to June 2019. Department of Pediatrics, Malla Reddy Medical College, Hyderabad, India. This prospective study was conducted on 100 children presenting with signs of rickets in the pediatric department of Malla Reddy Medical College, Hyderabad. The detailed history thorough clinical examination, anthropometric measurements and ratios of each child enrolled in the study was taken. The social and demographic data was also obtained through a structured questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of rickets was found to be more prevalent in males with (70%) than in females (30%). Rickets prevalence was around 46% in the study which is higher compared to other studies. Most of the cases around 85% belonged to the age group of 0-5 years. Rachitic rosaries were the most prominent sign amongst all.Conclusions: Because of its greater prevalence among infants, Rickets continue to be a major health problem. Rachitic rosaries and thickened epiphysis are the most common clinical signs. Since Rickets are a disease which can be prevented, vitamin D should be supplemented.

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