Residence time and local mean age of fl uid are important parameters of the fl uid fl ow, with which we are able to detect the functioning and non-functioning zones. It is a novel approach to estimate the effect of dead-zones on chemical and biological processes. In this paper, we introduce a numerical tracer study, which is calibrated by fi eld measurements and which is applied in different cases such as settling tank and aeration tank of wastewater treatment. Using an advective-diffusive passive scalar transport equation, the age of the fl uid can be calculated. It also shows the short-circuits and dead-zones of the fl uid and this corresponds with our observations. This method helps eliminate potential hydraulic problems at the early stage of design. Keywords: CFD, dead-zone, local mean age, tracer study. INTRODUCTIONSettling tanks in the wastewater treatment have a key role in the separation of suspended solids and sludge fl ocks. The design of these tanks is based on the ATV-A131 standard [1], which takes into account only the global parameters of the fl ow, e.g. average residence time, but in many cases the inequalities inside the tank may have serious effect on effl uent quality. In this paper, we are fi rst and foremost interested in the detection of dead-zones, where the mixing is adverse due to low velocity, high residence time and fl uid age. In aeration tanks, for example, anaerobic zones may develop because microorganisms consume the oxygen. There is mass transfer between the fl ow and dead-zone because of the presence of turbulence; however, this is much less than the effect of convective transport. On the other hand, hydraulically inactive zones are redundant and these increase the cost of operation. Computational fl uid dynamics is widely applied in wastewater treatment tank design [2-4]) because with the knowledge of hydraulic phenomena, the understanding of biochemical processes could be improved. One signifi cant linking parameter between the hydraulics and biology is residence time; therefore, it is essential to know the precise value for every point. Residence time distribution (RTD) can be measured experimentally [5]. In pulse experiment, the tracer is mixed in a small volume of fl uid, which is introduced to the reactor in a very short time interval (Dirac-delta function) and the response function is measured at the outlet. The tracer should be a conservative material without any background concentration of the wastewater. The response function shows the changes in tracer concentration in the course of time, from which we can estimate the hydraulic behavior of the tank. RTD calculations can be performed numerically, and they can be compared to the results of the fi eld measurement. This paper deals with circular fl ow reactors, one aeration tank and one radial fl ow settling reactor. The fi rst is designed as a fully mixed reactor, but the RTD investigation demonstrated that there is a short-circuit, where the nutrients could fl ow through the reactor rapidly and did not have enoug...
A kormány 2014 óta – változatlan szervezeti formában – a belügyminiszteren keresztül, a közfoglalkoztatási és vízügyi helyettes államtitkárság útján irányítja a vízügyi igazgatási szerveket, amelyek Magyarországon elsődlegesen felelősek a vízgazdálkodásért. Az Országos Vízügyi Főigazgatóság tevékenység-portfóliójában 2019 óta kiemelten jelen van a települési vízgazdálkodás témakör, ugyanis ekkor került kialakításra a Települési Vízgazdálkodási Főosztály. A Belügyminisztérium alá rendelt országos hatáskörű szervezetek tevékenységeiben legalább egy közös pont van, az pedig az állampolgárok biztonságának szolgálata. A vízügyi szolgálat – az előzőeknek megfelelően – az állampolgárok árvízi biztonságának növelése érdekében, illetve a társadalmi igényeknek megfelelően végzi a jogszabályokban meghatározott feladatokat, valamint az egyéb dokumentumokban, stratégiákban nevesített szakmai célokat. Fontos megjegyezni, hogy a vízügyi gondolkodás nem közigazgatási egységre, hanem vízgyűjtőre szerveződik. A hazai vízgazdálkodás egyik legkomolyabb kihívása a települési vízgazdálkodás hatékonyságának fejlesztése, s egyben felkészítése a környezetünk és a klímaváltozás kihívásaira, illetve mindezek mellett kellő mértékben figyelembe venni a vizet mint hatótényezőt a települési fejlesztésekben, illetve a településrendezési folyamatokban. Jelenleg a településfejlesztés és településrendezés tervezési rendszerében a víz szétdarabolva, messze a súlya alatt jelenik meg. Az integrált települési vízgazdálkodási terv célja, hogy a települési vízgazdálkodás elemei és az ezzel kapcsolatos teendők, kötelezettségek komplexen épüljenek be a településfejlesztésbe, és a területhasználatot is szabályozó rendezési eszközökbe. Az integrált települési vízgazdálkodási terv a település vízgazdálkodási (szakpolitikai) alapdokumentuma, amely a fejlesztést és a működtetést egyaránt szolgálja. A dolgozat bemutatja az integrált települési vízgazdálkodási terv tartalmát, elkészítésének módszertani szempontjait, és lehetséges jövőjét.
Hydraulic residence time is a crucial parameter of any wastewater treatment tank planning, operation and optimisation. Calculation of the residence time distribution at every point within the tank gives information about the deadzones and short circuits and well-operating zones. Using the advective-diffusive transport equation supplemented with a scalar source term local mean age (LMA) can be detected if the flow field is given. Combining LMA with a tracer study the exact residence time can be determined. This method supports problem detection in a small wastewater treatment plant (2 dead zones and one shortcircuiting path were detected) and also gave us better understanding of the operation of settling tanks.
Evaluation of data time series in order to get information about water systems is one of the routinely needed tasks. The results are always associated with uncertainties, of which one arises from data scarcity. Traditional methods, such as regression analyses etc. become rapidly useless with decreasing number of data available. A method based on fuzzy set theory was applied to get more reliable information about the system from scarce databases. Monitored daily flow and water quality data of the medium size Zala River in Hungary were considered as elements of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy rules were generated from data pairs (flow, suspended solids concentration, water temperature and phosphorus load as inputs and output, respectively) from which combined rule bases were set up. These rule bases can be considered as a tool of mapping from the input space to the output space using defuzzification procedure. The method is trainable: it can learn from observations. It is demonstrated that the method is capable to generate daily phosphorus loads and annual balance with acceptable accuracy when it is trained only by weekly, biweekly or monthly data pairs. In comparison to other approaches the tool is well suited to utilize better the information content of scarce observations. Furthermore, monitoring costs can be considerably decreased without substantial information loss since sampling of expensive and labour intensive parameters can be reduced.
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