World practice shows the important role of farming in agricultural production and its significant impact on the level of rural life in the country. The purpose of the study is to examine the state of farming in Russia today. This form of hosting in the Russian Federation began to revive relatively recently and is developing more actively than other forms in rural areas. But it is accompanied by a number of problems requiring attention from the state: lack of access to additional funds for a significant proportion of farms (both subsidies and loans); conflicts of interest with large landowners; low viability of small farms; low qualification of the labor force, including the heads of farms; the presence of fictitious farms without land area and farms with a huge area with a high proportion of employees. The situation is significantly aggravated in the regions with unfavorable agro-climatic conditions, such as the Non-Black-Earth Zone, the northern regions of the Volga Region, the Urals, and Siberia. Existing support programs at the federal level are not enough, agricultural cooperation is not developing. In most of the subjects with relatively low development of the peasant (farm) economy, programs for supporting small farms have not been adopted. In order to ensure the development of rural areas, taking into account the interests of the local population, it is proposed to assign the responsibility of land management to the experts, who could plan the development of the agro-industrial complex in rural areas.

The analysis of different approaches to agricultural land reallocation implemented in several countries leads to the proof that the current methods of preserving valuable agricultural land in Russia are not effective and that the cancellation of compensation of agricultural production losses had led to some negative consequences. The authors developed a new methodology of allocation and preservation of the most valuable agricultural land and carried out calculations of their areas in all federal districts of the European part of the Russian Federation, which includes the most part of arable land in the country. Based on that was developed a new approach to land reallocation and economic regulation of that process.

Productive land, which primarily includes agricultural land, in any country in the globe, always had special status since they are the basis of the country’s food security. The tasks of identifying, recording and preserving land from misuse, depletion, and degradation are in priority when pursuing a state land policy. Recently, these issues have become particularly important due to the high rates of land depletion and degradation, urbanization, industrial and mining development. The most fertile land in Russia classified as the most valuable agricultural land. After analyzing the situation with the definition, recording, and protection of such land in the Russian Federation, the authors concluded that the country does not have clear, objective criteria and methodological approaches for identifying the most valuable land, as well as mechanisms for their protection. This paper provides the basic principles, methodological approaches and the results of the work on the identification and allocation of the most valuable land in agriculture and transport sector of Siberia. Land of 1-5 classes one way or another should be protected from unreasonable withdrawal from agricultural use, land of 6-8 classes may be provided for the development of transport.

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