Primary hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (PHSH) is a genetically defined disease in which there is a malabsorption of magnesium from the intestine. The aim of this research was to encapsulate magnesium into autologous erythrocytes to be used in PHSH patients. A scheme to use a single syringe closed sterile system for the process is proposed. Controlled lysis of erythrocytes and the ability to reseal the loaded erythrocytes were investigated. Method: Suitable concentrations of salt solutions required for making reversible pores and resealing of erythrocytes were identified. For making reversible pores, 0.7% NaCl and 2.3% MgSO 4 were used separately. A solution of 3.5% MgSO 4 was used as the drug loading solution. After the loading step, the isotonicity for the erythrocytes was restored with 0.9% NaCl and 3.0% MgSO 4 solutions separately. The ability to load and reseal erythrocytes were assessed by determining the resulting Mg 2+ concentration through Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometric (MP-AES) analysis. Results: Analysis of results revealed that Mg 2+ ions can be successfully loaded into erythrocytes through the formation of reversible pores. Resealing failed with 3.0% MgSO 4 , but the erythrocytes were successfully resealed with 0.9% NaCl solution. Conclusion: The need for strictly controlled salt solution concentrations for lysis and resealing were identified. In theoretical concentration determinations, the osmotic coefficient had to be taken into account. The study showed the possibility of loading Mg 2+ into erythrocytes as a successful drug delivery system.

Transportation is a strong factor in terms of economic development. As well as also having a great influence on regional integration. South Asia has a rich history of trade through sea. Thus ports constitute important economic activities in the region. This paper mainly exposes the role of the efficiency of harbors in trade performances. An extended version of gravity model is used to analyze the correlation of transport infrastructure and exports of South Asia. For the purpose of analysis in this paper, all eight South Asian countries are identified as exporters and selected 25 countries as the partnering countries. Estimated results show that the distance between two countries has negative impact on trade. Country size measured in terms of GDP has positive effect on trade. It is also observed that the compliance time in both reporting country as well as the partner country has a significant influence on trade. Higher compliance time discourages trade. Based on this finding, this study explores the impacts of OBOR on SAARC trade. It is anticipated that the OBOR expands trade through its impact on reducing compliance time.

Purpose: A deficit was identified in the traditional method of making homeopathic dilutions by 1:9 or 1:99 serial dilutions based on the physical units of mass or volume. When the chemical unit mole is considered, the 1:9 mass-based dilution of nitroglycerin in ethyl alcohol has a 1:48.8 molar ratio. In order to provide the 1:9 molar ratio, the mass ratios required for formulations with lithium carbonate: lactose (diluent) and lead phosphate: lactose are 1:41.7 and 1:3.8 respectively. The extreme incongruity between the mass and the volume-based 1:9 ratios and the ratios based on chemical unit mole show the need to adopt the later scheme which is based on sound principles of chemistry. Method: Detailed calculations in determining the 1:9 molar ratio of drug: diluent are explained. Method for the molar ratio calculation of chemically less defined medicines such as plant extracts are proposed. Results: A Molar Ratio Universal Formula for the calculation of the amount of diluent to be used in preparing a given potency of a homeopathic preparation is introduced. Conclusion:The molar ratio dilutions based on principles of chemistry stand for wider acceptance of homeopathic medicines by the scientific community and for the advancement of the homeopathic system of medicine.