Spontaneous out-of-body experiences (OBEs) were studied in relation to spontaneous alterations of consciousness and to laboratory-induced altera tions of consciousness in the ganzfeld in ninety-seven artists. We predicted positive relationships between claims of OBEs and claims of parapsychological phenomena, spontaneous alteration of consciousness, lucid dreams, openness to experience, and alterations of consciousness in the ganzfeld. Three of the predicted relationships were statistically significant. The OBE group (N = 42) had a higher mean index of parapsychological experiences than the non-OBE group (N = 24). OBE experiences also reported a sig nificantly higher frequency of spontaneous experiences of losing awareness of surroundings and losing a sense of time. These results were consistent with Blackmore's OBE model in the sense that individuals who claimed to experience OBEs also experienced other spontaneous changes in their cogni tive maps.Recent studies of out-of-body experiences (OBEs), or the experience in which a person feels that their self or their center of awareness is located outside of their physical body, have followed a psychological approach. That is, they have tried to relate the experience to cognitive and personality variables (for reviews see [1][2][3]). Correlating the OBE to these variables-including absorption, fantasy

This partial replication study investigated whether individual versus small group consensus target judging procedures, and/or the emotionality of dynamic target video clips, would affect the frequency qf correct identification of the target in a free-response dream ESP study. Two people located in Edinburgh (Scotland) and a third person located in Derby (England) acted both as experimenters and as participants and slept at their respective homes. On each of the 28 trial nights, a randomly-selected video clip was shown repeatedly between 3.00-4.30 am. The following morning the participants viewed four video clips (i. e., 3 decoys plus the target) and then judged the correspondences between the clips and records of their dream mentation. The Edinburgh participants obtained a greater number of direct hits using consensus as opposed to individual judgements. A discllssion consensus procedure was marginally more success/it! than a more objective consenSllS procedure ( J 2 hits, P = .0294, ES(h) = 0.38 V.I'. J J hits, P = .0679, ES(h) = 0.30). Participants, both as a group and as individuals, obtained a greater proportion of direct hits wizen the target was emotionally negative than when it was either positive or neutral.