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Background: Intravenous (IV) access exposes patients to risk of catheter-related infections. The source of infection is either microbial colonization of the cannula or contamination of the hub or drugs. The study objectives were to estimate the prevalence of the peripheral venous cannula (PVC)-related infection and the factors associated with colonization and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the organisms causing infection. Subjects and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study which included infants and children who required an indwelling PVC. Visual infusion phlebitis (VIP) score was recorded for insertion site changes. Cannula tip and blood were sent for culture and antibiotic sensitivity. Catheter-related bloodstream infection was diagnosed based on bacterial growth in both the cannula tip and blood culture. Results: Out of the 256 children recruited in the study, 57% were males and 13% were undernourished. The most common primary illness was respiratory disease. Cannula tip growth was noted in 8.5%. The PVC colonization rate was 37.9/1000 catheter days. Multivariate analysis showed significant association between the primary illness, multiple attempts for insertion, longer duration of IV fluid use, retention of cannula beyond 96 h, and higher VIP scores >2 and cannula colonization. Conclusions: Apart from strict adherence to infection prevention techniques, disposal of cannula after one failed attempt, changing IV cannula after 96 h, inspection of cannula site to identify phlebitis early, and removal of the cannula when the VIP score is >2 may help to minimize cannula-related colonization and infection.

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Aim:-To compare the opinion regarding usage of bisecting-angle technique and the paralleling techniques among BDS students, post graduate students, private practitioners in and around Bhimavaram town for intra oral imaging in dentistry. Materials and methods: A detailed questionnaire composed of questions regarding technical parameters, exposure parameters, operator and patient comfort and image accuracy in diagnosis. Details of the study were explained to the participants preferred option to be marked according to the question mentioned in the questionnaire. Total 500 individuals participated in the present study, with 100 individuals in each group. Data was collected and entered in Microsoft Excel (2010) and statistically analysed using SPSS 20. Chisquare test was used to evaluate differences in the responses with P-value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Results showed that in technical parameters most of the people opted for bisecting angle technique with p value≤ 0.05 and found as significant. In aspect of exposure parameters, results are in favour of paralleling technique and p value is ≤ 0.05. In aspect of the operator and patient comfort there is an equal opinion most of them opted for bisecting angle technique and paralleling technique p value is significant. In aspect of image accuracy p value is significant for paralleling technique. Conclusion: Great work should have to be done to alleviate the quality of radiographs and the understanding and perspective of dental graduates regarding dental and maxillo-facial radiology. The results of present study revealed though there is knowledge about the techniques, but lack of application decreases their ability to get more accurate diagnostic radiograph. Paralleling technique being the most accurate in image accuracy should be emphasized to practice and needed to be modified in conditions where it is not feasible to deal with.