Under two-liquid conditions, the third phase formed by linear-polystyrene-based cationic ionomers and the corresponding single-network ionomer gels absorbed the soluble quaternary salts either from the oil phase or from the aqueous solution. Polystyrene-based IPN gels, in which one network contained quaternary salts and another benzyl chlorides, were compared in terms of the feasibility of esterification of the chloromethyl groups in addition to the triphase catalysis (TPC) activities. IPN gels afforded not only very poor TPC activities but also slow esterification. Single-network gels, on the other hand, showed high TPC activities and high esterification rates. When decane was used as the oil, the TPC activity was increased, while the esterification became slower.

High reliability infrared measurements of oxygen and carbon in silicon single crystals are presented. One is the preparation and distribution of standard sample sets with known oxygen contents. Oxygen content range is 5 to 11×1017 atoms/cm3 and the accuracy is estimated to be within 4×1016 atoms/cm3. The other is the establishment of a standard infrared measurement procedure for carbon performed by round robin infrared measurement and charged particle activation analysis. From the procedure the conversion coefficient is determined to be (8.5±0.9)×1016 atoms·cm−3/cm−1.

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A new high-speed nanoprofiler was developed in this study. This profiler measures normal vectors and their coordinates on the surface of a specimen. Each normal vector is determined by making the incident light path and the reflected light path coincident using five-axis simultaneously controlled stages. From the acquired normal vectors and their coordinates, the three-dimensional shape is calculated by a reconstruction algorithm. In this study, a concave spherical mirror with a 400 mm radius of curvature was measured. As a result, a peak of 30 nm PV was observed at the centre of the mirror. Measurement repeatability was 1 nm. In addition, cross-comparison with a Fizeau interferometer was implemented and the results were consistent within 10 nm. In particular, the high spatial frequency profile was highly consistent, and any differences were considered to be caused by systematic errors.