Background: Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor that can lead to the progression of retinopathy (DR). Diabetic dyslipidemia with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased triglycerides (TGs) are seen frequently among Type 2 diabetic mellitus. Aims and Objectives: (1) To assess the level of serum lipids (total cholesterol, TGs, HDL, and low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) among type 2 diabetes patients. (2) To determine the association between serum lipid levels and DR. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Salem from September 2018 to March 2020 with a sample size of 200. Details of their diabetic history were obtained. Patients were evaluated for their HbA1C levels, hypertension, and lipid profile status. Early treatment DR Study system was used to classify DR. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated by Freidewald's equation. Results: This study showed a significant association among DR and LDL cholesterol. DR with raised LDL, TGs levels, and lowered HDL on adjusted analysis. There was strong association between DR and serum cholesterol in unadjusted analysis; however, there was no association when adjusted for factors such as age, gender, duration of diabetes, and glycemic control. Majority of participants were males (57.5%) with a male: female = 1.35:1. The mean age of the patients in our study was 57.8 (5.8) years and 54.4 (6.6) years in patients with DR and patients without retinopathy, and it was found to be statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the duration of diabetes with the presence of DR and the patients with DR were having longer duration of diabetes (7.9 vs. 6.2 years; P < 0.001). Moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was found to be present in 41.0% of eyes followed by mild NPDR (20.5% eyes). Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was present only in 9.5%, and the severity of retinopathy was associated only with the HDL level, and there was no association found with total cholesterol, TG, and LDL cholesterol. Conclusion: A statistically significant correlation was found between dyslipidemia and the severity of DR among Type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: Vascular abnormalities and microvasculopathy are one of the widely accepted factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Retinal Neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration are also important components in the pathogenesis of DR. However recent investigations show neurodegenerative alterations before the appearance of microvascular changes in patients having DR. Aims and Objectives: (1) To measure the macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and ganglion cell complex thickness among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using optical coherence tomography. (2) To compare the macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and ganglion cell complex thickness in type 2 diabetic patients with and without DR with normal controls using optical coherence tomography. Materials and Methods: Thirty Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without DR, 30 having mild and moderate DR and 30 healthy normals are taken considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness was measured in each individual and it was compared using one way ANOVA test, post hoc test and Pearson correlation was performed to evaluate the linear correlation between variables and calculated P < 0.05 was regarded as its significance. Results: The average RNFL thickness was 90.27 ± 5.57 and 107.7 ± 5.32 um in diabetic patients and controls respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, for two different groups of diabetic patients, the average RNFL thickness was 89.92 ± 6.62 um in the no DR group and 78.6 ± 3.93 in the DR group (P = 0.339). The average GCL-IPL thickness was 82.65 ± 2.25 um and 92.10 ± 2.41 um in diabetic patients and controls, respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, for two different groups of diabetic patients, the average GCL-IPL thickness was 82.22 ± 2.11 um in the no DR group and 71.55 ± 2.34 in the DR group (P = 0.535). The average macular thickness was 238.03 ± 4.42 and 277.9 ± 5.85 um in diabetic patients and controls, respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, for two different groups of diabetic patients, the average macular thickness was 236.56 ± 4.10 um in the no DR group and 242.8 ± 4.95 um in the DR group (P = 0.585). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant reduction of mean RNFL, GCL-IPL and macular thickness in type 2 diabetic patients with no DR compared with a homogenous control group indicating neuroretinal changes occur before vascular changes of DR.

Background: The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent and humid membrane which covers the sclera and inner surface of eyelids. The tears film helps to moist the conjunctiva. In a healthy person, surface tissues such as skin and mucous membranes are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become colonised by various microorganisms , bacteria and fungi which are referred to as normal flora. Aim: To compare the conjunctival flora of non-diabetic individuals with that of diabetic patients. Methodology: A prospective study for comparison of conjunctival flora of 50 non-diabetic individuals with that of 50 diabetic individual patients without any pre-existing conjunctival pathology attending the Ophthalmology Out Patient Department in Vinayaka Mission's Kirupanada Variyar Medical College and Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, which is 560 bedded hospital having all inpatients and outpatient services. Conjunctival swab was collected from each patient and inoculation of conjunctival swab for microscopy and culture and sensitivity was done. Identification of Bacteria were made using Standard Bacteriological methods. Result: We found a significant difference in bacterial isolation rate between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Conclusion: Organisms such as coagulase negative staphylococcus, gram negative bacteria such as E. coli, klebsiella and bacteroids were found to be more common among the diabetic patients than that of non-diabetic patients.

Background: Lasik-Laser in situ keratomileusis is by for the predominant refractive procedure in use today. We are beginning to learn both its full potential and its limitations. This includes refining our knowledge about how much refractive error can be corrected with LASIK while maintaining a high quality of vision. Aim: To evaluate and compare the outcome of LASIK performed in patients with mild, moderate and severe myopia using SCHWIND ESIRIS excimer laser system. Methods: A hospital based, prospective, randomized case study was conducted on 78 eyes of 40 patients underwent LASIK with SCHWIND ESIRIS Laser system of which 40 eyes were of low myopia, 28 eyes were of moderate myopia and 10 eyes were of high myopia at Vinayaka Mission Hospital, Salem, between January-2010 to December-2010. Results: Preoperative & postoperative BCVA was compared which was found to be statistically significant, there was no postoperative decrease in vision during the 6 months follow up. There was no incidence of corneal ectasia during the 6 months. There was no retreatment in this study. Importantly the safety profile of LASIK in the study was found to be excellent.

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