Forest and land fires have caused losses on social, economic, and ecological aspects in Indonesia. Forest and land fires management will not be optimal without knowing factors causing them. Mount Guntur which belong to Kawah Kamojang Nature Reserve (Mount Guntur) (KKNR) is suffering from forest and land fires almost every year. This study aims to identify the factors causing forest and land fires in KKNR. The research used field observation, in-depth interviews, and field data collection. The results indicate that the factors causing forest and land fires are human factors from sand mining, land preparation, and bird poaching. Drought due to long dry season trigger the fire occurrences. Here, we strongly suggest increasing the knowledge and awareness of forest fire to the people in KKNR to prevent the area from the further destructive forest fire.

Abstract. Lestari KG, Budi SW, Suryaningtyas DT, Yudhiman E. 2022. Vegetation development in post-gold mining revegetation area in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3224-3233. Gold mining activities in Indonesia, in many areas, have a negative impact on the environment. Activities that can improve the quality of post-mining land include revegetation activities, which are included in post-mining land reclamation activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of vegetation in post-gold mining revegetation areas. Vegetation data were collected using the plotted line method (natural forest) and the Systematic Sampling method with Random Start (revegetation area). The analysis found that the vegetation structure in the post-gold mining revegetation area aged 3 to 10 years has complete vegetation levels (saplings, saplings, poles, and trees). Compared to natural forest, which only includes 30 tree species and 7 herbaceous, this revegetation region has a greater diversity of species, with 66 tree species and 16 herbaceous. The longer the age of revegetation is not followed by an increase in species and an increase in the value of the species diversity index. However, it is still better than the revegetation at a young age and is closer to the condition of a natural forest. The revegetation area aged 8 and 7 years has a higher number of species than natural forests and other revegetation areas.

Meru Betiri National Park (TNMB) has five forest formation, e.g. coastal forest, mangrove forest, swamp forest, rheophyte, and lowland rain forest. The study aims to analyze vegetation structure and composition on Rafflesia zollingeriana habitat and to map the distribution of trees in TNMB. Vegetation data, diameter at breast height, and canopy height obtained by using line-transect method and analyzed using vegetation analysis. The sampling method used purposive sampling. TNMB had 64 trees species with 1,366 seedlings and saplings, 257 poles, and 183 trees. Pancal kidang (Aglaia variegata) had the highest Important Value Index (IVI) amounting to 32.46%. The result showed that the community similarity index (IS) in two sample plots was 86.86%. Tetrastigma spp. is a liana as a host of Rafflesia zollingeriana, and only found pancal kidang, besuleh, welangan, magnolia flower, laban, and rauh trees.

Many revegetation activities have been carried out on post-mining land in Indonesia and have produced various positive impacts on the land. This raises a question that what changes have occurred in various post-mining areas that have been revegetated in Indonesia. The method used a literature review from 37 sources (Journals and research report) related to the impact of revegetation activities in various post-mining lands in Indonesia. The results of this literature review conclude that revegetation in Indonesia greatly affects and has changed 3 main aspects of a land, namely (1) soil conditions both chemically, physically and biologically, (2) improvement of nutrient cycles in revegetation areas and (3) improvement of hydrological cycles and microbial and animal habitats. Suggestions that revegetation activities continue to be carried out and their success monitored and revegetation cooperation with the community will be more profitable.