The complete Taenia asiatica mitochondrial genome was amplified by long extension polymerase chain reaction (long PCR) to yield overlapping fragments that were then completely sequenced. The whole mitochondrial genome was 13 703 bp long and contained 12 protein-encoding, 2 ribosomal RNA (small and large subunits), 22 transfer RNA genes and a short non-coding region. Thus, its gene contents are like those typically found in metazoan animal mitochondrial genomes (apart from the absence of atp8). All the genes were transcribed from the same strand. The 3' end 34 bp region of nad4L overlapped with the 5' end portion of nad4. The tRNA genes were 61-69 bp long, and the secondary structures of 18 tRNAs had typical clover-leaf shapes with paired DHU arms. However, trnC, trnS1, trnS2 and trnR had unpaired DHU arms that were 7-12 bp in length. The tRNAs that transferred serine lacked a DHU arm, as is also observed in a number of parasitic platyhelminths and metazoans. However, the trematode trnRs have paired DHU arms. The T. asiatica mtDNA non-coding region was like that in other cestodes since it was composed of a short non-coding region of 72 nucleotides and a long non-coding region of 176 nucleotides separated by a trnL1/, trnS2/, trnL2/, trnR/, nad5 gene cluster. The sequences of the cox1 genes between T. asiatica and T. saginata differ by 4.6%, while the T. asiatica cob gene differs by 4.1% and 12.9% from the cob genes of T. saginata and T. solium, respectively. In conclusion, the T. asiatica mitocondrial genome should provide a resource for comparative mitochondrial genomics and systematic studies of parasitic cestodes.

Exogenous factors such as temperature, social behavior, and salinity play a crucial role during the critical sensitive period of sex differentiation in many vertebrates. In fishes, amphibians, and reptiles temperature treatment is known to induce all-male (or female) individuals, and genes related to sex differentiation have been studied. The Japanese pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes, possesses the most compact genome among vertebrates and has immense potential for studies focusing on comparative genome analysis. In this study, we describe gonadal morphology and vasa (germ cell marker) and dmrt1 (Sertoli cell marker) expression on a molecular level in relation to the development of temperature-treated pufferfish. To investigate the relationship between temperature and gonadal development, pufferfish were exposed to high-temperature conditions (32°C) during early gonadal development. Morphological observations showed that this high-temperature treatment did not influence sexual differentiation as determined by ovarian cavity characteristics; however, high-temperature treatment induces gonadal degeneration that is devoid of germ cells. RT-PCR results revealed no vasa expression within germ cell-degenerated gonads. In situ hybridization results showed that dmrt1 was expressed in somatic cells of germ cell-degenerated ovaries. These results suggest that high-temperature treatment during early gonadal development induces germ cell degeneration and masculinization of ovarian somatic cells in pufferfish.

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For passenger cars involved in a frontal crash, intrusion, unbelted status, and DE ≥4 are good predictors of severe injury. Sequential criteria using vehicle DE, seat belt use, and intrusion can be used by first responders to triage patients involved in a frontal collision.