A detailed analysis of magnetoconductance fluctuations of quasiballistic gold-nanowires of various lengths is presented. We find that the variance (∆G) 2 = (G(B) − G(B + ∆B)) 2 when analyzed for ∆B much smaller than the correlation field Bc varies according to (∆G) 2 ∝ ∆B γ with γ < 2 indicating that the graph of G vs. B is fractal. We attribute this behavior to the existence of long-lived states arising from chaotic trajectories trapped close to regular classical orbits. We find that γ decreases with increasing length of the wires.PACS numbers: 73.50.Jt It is well established that quantum interference modifies the conductance G of disordered conductors and ballistic devices smaller than the phase coherence length L ϕ (mesoscopic regime) [1]. In a semiclassical description one may view the conductance electrons as moving along their classical trajectories, i.e. ballistically between collisions. Since the phase information is not lost over distances of order L ϕ , a sample specific interference pattern arises. This interference pattern may be altered e.g. by applying a magnetic field B, which gives rise to reproducible conductance fluctuations (CF) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].It has recently been pointed out by Ketzmerick [8] that the dwell time probability P (t) for an electron to stay in the mesoscopic sample longer than a time t is related intimately to the statistical properties of the CF. It is often assumed that the typical time to cross the system, t D , determines the behavior of P (t) for times larger than t D ,This form gives rise to a Lorentzian shape of the energy-dependent conductance autocorrelation functionThe validity of Eq. (1) has been questioned by several authors [8,12,13,20] and long-lived states have been predicted. If P (t) does not vary exponentially but decays algebraically,a non-trivial behavior of the variance appears [8]:It is important to note that exponents γ in Eq. (2) which are larger than two cannot be detected in the variance.For γ > 2 the variance stays quadratic with respect to ∆E since analytic behavior dominates the lowest order approximation.Measuring the length of the graph G vs. E on a scale ∆E leads, as a consequence of Eq. (3), to a divergence proportional to (∆E) −(1−γ/2) , i.e. the graph is fractal with fractal dimensionThe conclusions discussed here for time t and energy E hold similarly for other pairs of canonically conjugate variables, e.g. for "area" A and magnetic field B, since for a closed path A can be considered as the accumulated area of an electron moving along the path in time t.In this letter we present measurements of the magnetoconductance fluctuations of weakly disordered quasiballistic gold-nanowires with various lengths L < L ϕ . We adopt the method suggested by Ketzmerick [8]. The analysis of G(B) yields that (∆G 2 ) ∝ ∆B γ , where γ is significantly smaller than two and decreases with increasing length of the nanowire. We attribute this behavior to the existence of long-lived states in the mesoscopic wire with a dwell time probability P (t) decaying...

After induction the xenon/opioid regimen maintains systolic blood pressure at baseline levels and a low heart rate. No differences between groups were found in haemodynamic stability during anaesthesia. Recovery from xenon anaesthesia was similar to that observed in the propofol group.

The roadmap for organic and printed electronics is a key activity of the OE-A, the industrial organisation for the young organic, printed and large area electronics industry. Organic electronics is a platform technology that enables multiple applications, which vary widely in their specifications. Since the technology is still in its early stage-and is in the transition from lab-scale and prototype activities to production-it is important to develop a common opinion about what kind of products, processes and materials will be available and when. This chapter is based on the third version of the OE-A Roadmap for organic and printed electronics, developed as a joint activity by key teams of experts in 9 applications and 3 technology areas, informed by further discussions with other OE-A members during association meetings. The resulting roadmap is a synthesis of these results representing common perspectives of the different OE-A forums. Through comparison of expected product needs in the application areas with the expected technology development paths, potential roadblocks or ''red brick walls'' such as resolution, registration and complementary circuitry are identified.

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Myocardial infarct size was reduced by ischemic preconditioning but less so by xenon anesthesia. Brief, intermittent exposure to xenon before myocardial ischemia did not reduce myocardial infarct size.