We found a significant correlation between the tests. However, many patients with poor questionnaire scores or shuttle walks had satisfactory CPET results. Hence, the ability of either simple test to determine risk in a heterogeneous surgical population is poor. CPET provides an objective measurement of cardiopulmonary fitness; however, evidence for this information improving patient outcome is limited and requires further research.

This chapter begins with an overview of the steps needed to design and implement a national training programme. Each step is then covered in detail in the subsequent sections. For example, descriptions are provided on how to plan for and conduct trainings of trainers (ToTs). In many countries where training is being implemented there will be two types of ToTs: trainings for national master trainers, and trainings for field technician trainers. These two groups are the main examples covered. Key competencies and responsibilities for the trainers at each level are described. This chapter also provides guidance on how to identify training needs, design an approach for addressing these needs, and plan for the implementation of the training programme for field technicians and farmers. A description of a modular training approach is complemented with information on other approaches for knowledge transfer such as video and radio. These other approaches can be used to re-enforce messages presented in the modular core training package. There is also a section with tips on how to facilitate participatory trainings. This chapter concludes with guidance for national adaptations of the core training package. The core training team will be responsible for working with the CABI integrated pest management country coordinators and other relevant partners to customize the materials.

This chapter constitutes the core 'IPM' training package. Each of the seven main areas, i.e. 'understanding IPM', 'general information about crop protection agents (CPAs)', 'selecting CPAs', 'personal safety and contamination', 'handling and application', 'post-spraying activities' and 'CPA storage', of the core training package present several related topics grouped stepwise by theme. All of the topics in the core training modules are presented in detail along with descriptions of practical activities. Each topic is introduced by a description of the rationale for conducting training on the topic and the topic's learning objectives. The target group for the topic is identified, and essential background information is also provided. The training exercises are described and the materials needed for each training activity are listed. The training programme presented is highly participatory and activity driven; there are no PowerPoint presentations. Guidance is provided on how to lead the training on each topic.