On 62 % of the plots, the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio was above 18.9, which is considered to be disharmonious for beech. In addition, foliar phosphorus concentrations were significantly decreasing by, on average, 13 % from 1.31 to 1.14 mg g −1 in Europe (p<0.001). & Conclusion Our results show that phosphorus nutrition of beech is impaired in Europe. Possible drivers of this development might be high atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climate change. Continued decrease in foliar phosphorus concentrations, eventually attaining phosphorus deficiency levels,

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Long‐term monitoring of element fluxes with bulk precipitation and throughfall in two forest ecosystems of the German Soiling area revealed substantial changes in the chemical climate of these ecosystems. From 1969 to 1990, fluxes of NO3 and NH3 in throughfall increased by 40 to 60%. In contrast, SO4, H+, and Ca fluxes decreased by 30 to 60%. The changes of the element fluxes correspond to the development of emission rates in Germany for dust, SO2, and NO2.

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