The methods presented in this update are mainly based on those reported since the original Science of Synthesis chapter on this topic (Section 42.16), which was published in 2009. The phosphoric acid derivatives covered include P=O compounds (e.g., phosphates, S-alkyl phosphorothioates, diphosphates, and triphosphates) and P=S compounds (O-alkyl phosphorothioates, etc.). Emphasis is placed on the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds, particularly nucleotides, oligonucleotides, phosphorylated sugars, and lipids.

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