Introduction Troponin is frequently measured on admission to hyperacute stroke units (HASUs). Modest elevations in stroke are common but whether patient management changes in response to the blood test is unclear. Raised troponin without chest pain or dynamic ECG changes create diagnostic dilemmas. Management strategies were assessed with the introduction of the Imperial HASU covering North West London. Methods Consecutive HASU admissions over 6 months were assessed for measurement of troponin, the result, and the cardiac investigations performed. Clinical parameters guided investigations lead by two Consultant Cardiologists (KF, SC) rather than strict research protocol. Results 412 patients were admitted: 245 patients had a total of 435 troponin-I levels measured, without chest pain or dynamic ischaemic ECG changes. 70 (29%) patients had positive levels (>0.032 ng/l): 53 (22%) were "low" (0.032e0.3 ng/l), 17 (7%) were "high" (>0.3 ng/l). 237 had diagnoses readily available: 170 had stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic), 67 had non-stroke (eg, seizure). Troponin was more likely to be raised if stroke, OR 4.3 (2.0e9.7, p¼0.0001). Five patients with "high" troponins had non-invasive stress testing (1 perfusion scan and 4 stress echos): all were negative. All positive troponins had echocardiography and cardiology review with no change in management in 91% of cases. 6 patients had invasive coronary angiography: 3 "high" and 3 "low" troponin. Only 2 patients (3% of those with positive troponin) required percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); both had troponin >0.3 and multiple cardiac risk factors. Patients with troponin <0.3 did not require PCIeall three had normal coronary arteries. Conclusions Every positive troponin necessitated a review and additional tests, increasing demand on cardiology services without increase in resources. However only 2 patients required PCI with the majority medically managed. We propose a pragmatic pathway for when troponin is performed as a routine test. Raised troponins >0.3 ng/l should be assessed for chest pain and ECG changes suggesting true myocardial infarction. Without these, non-invasive assessment and optimal medical therapy is sufficient in the majority. Minor troponin rise (0.032e0.3 ng/l) represents myocytolysis: cerebral insular damage causes sympathoadrenal activation and patchy myocyte damage. Without chest pain or ECG changes, optimal medical management without further investigation is appropriate. Since this does not represent true acute coronary syndrome, an early invasive strategy confers no additional benefit over medical therapy. In contrast, aspirin and statins benefit both stroke and any coronary disease present. The financial and medical implications of performing non-indicated tests in a routine manner when the result will be disregarded is significant. Therefore, we caution against routine measurement of troponin in stroke.

An observational cost-comparison study of vaccine use ABSTRACT ⅷ Objectives To measure the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in a health plan population of travelers and to determine whether prevaccination screening for anti-HAV can reduce unnecessary vaccination and thus promote the most effective, economic use of hepatitis A vaccine. ⅷ Design Observational, cost-comparison study. ⅷ Setting Central injection clinic of a health maintenance organization medical center. ⅷ Subjects Five hundred twenty-seven adults who denied having previous hepatitis A or vaccination. ⅷ Main outcome measures Subgroups with the greatest prevalence of anti-HAV seen between June 1995 and April 1996 for immunizations before traveling to nonindustrialized countries. Relative costs of their screening and immunization. ⅷ Results The presence of anti-HAV precluded the need for vaccination in 148 subjects (28.1%). The highest prevalence of anti-HAV (82.7%) was found in subjects born in nonindustrialized countries (62/75), in subjects who had previously traveled to areas of endemic hepatitis A (32.1% [135/420]), and in subjects born before 1945 (29.2% [92/315]). Costs of screening and vaccinating travelers were cheapest if prevaccination antibody sera testing was limited to subjects born in nonindustrialized countries and those born before 1945. ⅷ Conclusions Prevaccination screening of travelers for hepatitis A can be done selectively on the basis of age and country of origin. This strategy could lead to a more economic use of the vaccine and clinic resources.