The antithrombotic effects of three thrombin inhibitors (hirudin, NAPAP and argidipine) were investigated in an experimental thrombosis model using laser lesions of rat mesenteric venules. Furthermore, their in vitro anticoagulant activity (partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, Heptest, inhibition of factor Xa and factor Xa) in human platelet poor plasma (PPP) and their in vitro and ex vivo activities were studied in rat plasma. All three thrombin inhibitors showed significant and dose-dependent antithrombotic effects after intravenous injection, if venules were damaged, which lasted for more than 4 but less than 8 h. The anticoagulant effect observed in vitro did not differ much between human and rat PPP. The two synthetic thrombin inhibitors NAPAP and argidipine were about as effective as hirudin in vitro; however, the ex vivo effect after intravenous injection of hirudin in rats was more pronounced than that observed with the two synthetic thrombin inhibitors. The antithrombotic effect of all three thrombin inhibitors in the laser model lasted much longer than the anticoagulant activity. This fact needs further investigations in the future.
Pig mucosal heparin (GAG 98), in which the binding site for antithrombin had been inactivated by periodate oxidation (GAG 262), a supersulfated low-molecular-weight heparin (GAG 869), a low-molecular-weight heparin (Fragmin®), and sodium pentosanpolysulfate have been investigated on their anticoagulant effects in vitro and ex vivo and in an animal thrombosis model in which rat mesenteric venules are damaged by defined laser energy. GAG 262 and pentosanpolysulfate had a markedly reduced anticoagulant effect compared to heparin, Fragmin, and the supersulfated low-molecular-weight heparin fragment. Similarily, the doses necessary to inhibit thrombus formation in the laser model were much higher for GAG 262 and for pentosanpolysulfate compared to heparin and the low-molecular-weight heparin Fragmin, but much lower for the supersulfated heparin fragment. The antithrombotic effect of the low-molecular-weight heparin Fragmin and the supersulfated heparin fragment after subcutaneous injection lasted much longer than the ex vivo detectable anticoagulant effect. Although some correlation between the antithrombotic and the anticoagulant effect in the laser model is evident, there seems to be no direct correlation between amount and duration of factor IIa or factor Xa inhibition and extent and duration of the inhibition of thrombus formation.
ZusammenfassungFolgende Thrombozytenfunktionen wurden unter dem Einfluß von unfraktioniertem Heparin und von drei niedermolekularen Heparinen untersucht:Die Thrombozytenzahl in Zitratblut und Zitratplasma, die spontane Aggregation (PAT III), die ADPund die adrenalininduzierte Aggregation, die Thrombozytenausbreitung und die Thrombozytenhaftung an silikonisiertem Glas und an boviner subendothelialer Matrix. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an Zitratblut bzw. Zitratplasma, aber auch an Blutproben, die mit den verschiedenen Heparinen antikoaguliert waren.Im Zitrat-PRP findet sich eine Verminderung der Thrombozytenzahl unter dem Einfluß von UFH, die durch Bildung von kleinen Aggregaten bedingt ist. Niedermolekulare Heparine zeigen diese Wirkung nicht, sie haben auch in wesentlich höheren Konzentrationen als UFH einen steigernden Effekt auf die Spontanaggregation der Thrombozyten im Zitratblut. Niedermolekulare Heparine hemmen die Plättchenausbreitung gering und die Plättchenhaftung an silikonisiertem Glas sowie an endothelialer boviner Matrix deutlich.Die »aktivierenden« Effekte von unfraktioniertem Heparin waren in mit UFH antikoagulierten Blutproben nicht mehr vorhanden. Im PRP von mit niedermolekularen Heparinen gewonnenen Blutproben war die Plättchenhaftneigung an Glas und an subendothelialer Matrix stärker gehemmt als im PRP von mit UFH antikoagulierten Blutproben. Tauschversuche zeigten ein unterschiedliches Verhalten, je nachdem, ob ein niedermolekulares Heparin zu Zitrat oder umgekehrt Zitrat zu PRP zugegeben wurde, das aus den mit niedermolekularem Heparin antikoagulierten Blutproben gewonnen wurde. Zugabe von Zitrat zu dem mit niedermolekularem Heparin antikoagulierten Blut-PRP hob die Haftungshemmung auf, während die Hemmung der adrenalininduzierten Aggregation nicht aufgehoben werden konnte.Ein Teil der Effekte von Heparin und niedermolekularen Heparinen auf die Plättchenfunktion im Zitratblut ist wahrscheinlich auf die Abwesenheit von Kalziumionen zurückzuführen. Es wird postuliert, daß für die thrombosehemmende Wirkung von Heparin, besonders aber von niedermolekularen Heparinen, eine Hemmung der Plättchenhaftneigung an Endothelzelldefekten mitverantwortlich ist.
In 7 healthy volunteers, the effect of a single i.v. injection of 52 mg (7,500 IU) of an unfractionated heparin (UFH) and of 52.5 mg (5,000 anti XaU) of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on coagulation parameters and platelet function has been studied. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited after the injection of both heparins. There was no significant change of ADP or collagen-induced aggregation after LMWH of UFH. Platelet adhesion to bovine extracellular matrix was not inhibited by UFH but was significantly reduced after addition in vitro and ex vivo after administration of LMWH. Further investigation should establish the time course of LMWH effects on platelet adhesion. A long duration of this effect could be partially correlated with the antithrombotic effects of LMWH.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.