A variety of procedures have been used to prepare d10-zeolite materials. The electronic structure of these materials can be regarded to a first approximation as a superposition of the framework, of the charge compensating ions, of solvent molecules and of guest species. Zeolite oxygen to d10-ion charge transfer transitions dominate the electronic spectra if the ions coordinate to the zeolite oxygens. Specific coordination sites can influence the energy and the intensity of these transitions remarkably. Intra guest transitions dominate in quantum dot materials, as discussed in detail for luminescent Ag2S zeolite A. The zeolite is not needed for the photocatalytic water oxidation on Ag+/AgCl photo anodes with visible light. It can, however, be used to increase the active surface area substantially.

The measurement of the direction of WIMP-induced nuclear recoils is a compelling but technologically challenging strategy to provide an unambiguous signature of the detection of Galactic dark matter. Most directional detectors aim to reconstruct the dark-matter-induced nuclear recoil tracks, either in gas or solid targets. The main challenge with directional detection is the need for high spatial resolution over large volumes, which puts strong requirements on the readout technologies. In this paper we review the various detector readout technologies used by directional detectors. In particular, we summarize the challenges, advantages and drawbacks of each approach, and discuss future prospects for these technologies.Comment: 58 pages, 26 figures, accepted by Physics Report

SUMMARY We retrieve the moment tensors of 64 small to moderate sized events that occurred mostly beneath the Sea of Marmara using near‐field data recorded at strong‐motion and broad‐band seismic stations. The near‐field displacement records are inverted to their sources utilizing Kuge's method where the best fit between the synthetic and observed seismograms is achieved through searching a centroid moment tensor (CMT) point in a grid scheme. We also analyse the stress fields acting in the eastern and western parts of the Sea of Marmara by inverting the P‐ and T‐axes of the focal mechanisms obtained. Significant biases in the stress tensors are obtained. The nearly horizontal maximum compressive axis σ1 in the western part is rotated 16° counter‐clockwise compared with σ1 in the eastern part. The σ2‐axis is close to vertical (shear tectonic regime) in the east and the plunge of σ2‐axis in the west is 36° (transpressive tectonic regime). Changes in the σ3‐axis are also observed, that is, it is close to horizontal in the east and dips 49° in the west. The spatial distribution of the focal mechanisms suggests that the stress field in the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara is homogenous compared with the western part, and we identify five distinct subsidiary faults. (1) a WNW–ESE‐striking, right‐lateral strike‐slip fault located a few kilometres SW of the Princes' Islands, (2) a WSW–ENE‐striking, right‐lateral strike‐slip fault named the Yalova–Hersek fault, (3) an E–W‐striking normal fault located onshore between Yalova and Çinarcik, (4) a NNW–SSE‐striking, left‐lateral strike‐slip fault located NE of the Princes' Islands and (5) minor thrust faults located in the Central High of the Sea of Marmara and in the vicinity of the Hersek Delta. The locations and the sense of motion of these five shear zones are explained by a very simple deformation model that requires a major E–W‐striking right‐lateral strike‐slip fault, namely the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), within a stress field with maximum compression, σ1, in the NW–SE direction and minimum compression, σ3, in the NE–SW direction, as was derived from the stress tensor analysis. The mechanisms of the events occurring in the western part of the Sea of Marmara reveal a heterogeneous stress field that may result from the change in the strike of NAF from nearly E–W to WSW. The western Marmara Sea events are consistent with a deformation model that requires a major right‐lateral strike‐slip fault striking ENE–WSW with a stress field with maximum principal stress axis, σ1, oriented ESE and minimum principal stress axis, σ3, oriented NNE.

SUMMARY Earthquake rupture sometimes occurs on several faults, and often decelerates or terminates at fault stepovers. Factors that control the rupture processes across stepovers are important for an understanding of earthquake growth and termination. In this study, we investigate such factors by calculating the spontaneous rupture processes of two non‐coplanar faults in a 3‐D model. Dealing with two extreme models in which two strike‐slip faults are either parallel or perpendicular, we show that the rupture processes beyond fault discontinuities are drastically different for the two models. We find three factors influencing rupture processes beyond fault discontinuities: depth of the upper edge of the two faults, location of the edge of the first fault and geometry of the two faults. These factors determine the time and location of rupture jumps to the second fault. For rupture propagation to the second fault, it is essential for rupture on the first fault to arrive at the edge of the fault. In particular, whether rupture on the first fault reaches the Earth's surface or not controls the difficulty of rupture jumps and the locations where the rupture is triggered, which is also related to the step direction of the two faults. This is because the stress perturbation at the fault edge is affected by the Earth's free surface.