This paper presents the design, modeling and simulation of micromachined, integrated pressure-thermal sensors on flexible polyimide substrates. Finite element simulations were performed with polycrystalline silicon as the piezoresistor material on a suspended Si 3 N 4 layer. These piezoresistors are connected to each other in a half-bridge Wheatstone configuration using flexible aluminum interconnects. Several different designs of integrated thermal-pressure sensors as well as pressure-only sensors were simulated to compute the sensor figures of merit such as the percentage change in piezoresistance in response to normal pressure, piezoresistor Wheatstone-bridge output voltage for varying skin curvature, bolometric response to broadband infrared radiation, thermal time constant and thermal conductance of the micromachined structures hosting the sensors to the substrate. For a perpendicular uniform pressure application of 50 kPa, a maximum Wheatstone-bridge output of 7.59 mV was computed for 1 V bias, corresponding to a piezoresistance change of 1.52%. When the skin is bent to a curvature of 2.2 mm, a maximum Wheatstone-bridge output voltage of 70 mV was calculated for the case when the sensors are aligned along the axis of bending. Thermal and optical calculations performed on the integrated thermal-pressure sensors showed a thermal time constant as low as 12.8 µs for a 1.9 µm thick silicon nitride membrane layer, with a responsivity of 270 V W −1 to a broad-band infrared radiation. This would be appropriate for applications requiring fast response but not high sensitivity. Integrated sensors on a thinner silicon nitride membrane layer of 0.5 µm, on the other hand, exhibited responsivity as high as 2000 V W −1 , with a response time of 626 µs.

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SUMMARYA simple algorithm is developed for adaptive and automatic h refinement of two-dimensional triangular finite element meshes. The algorithm is based on a n element refinement ratio that can be calculated from an a posteriori error indicator. The element subdivision algorithm is robust and recursive. Smooth transition between large and small elements is achieved without significant degradation of the aspect ratio of the elements in the mesh. Several example problems are presented to illustrate the utility of the approach.

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