Water availability in the germination stage of plants is crucial for seed germination and as a resource for developing seedlings. The effect of osmotic potential on percent germination and time to germination for big sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii Munro) and Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica Vasey) was investigated. We predicted that seeds native to semi-arid environments would germinate at osmotic potentials less negative than about -1.5 MPa, the permanent wilting point (PWP) of many agronomic grasses. In addition, the systemic, asexual endophyte Neotyphodium is transmitted through the seed in Arizona fescue and is thought to increase germination of its host. Therefore, we also tested for an effect of the endophyte on germination and time to germination of Arizona fescue under varying osmotic potentials. To test for minimum osmotic potential supporting germination, big sacaton and Arizona fescue seeds were placed on acetate membranes in contact with PEG solutions of varying osmotic potentials for 2 weeks. Both grasses germinated at 50% of maximum germination (at soil saturation) at and below the standard PWP (-1.5 Mpa). Big sacaton and Arizona fescue germinated at 64% and 60% at -1.5 MPa, respectively, and Arizona fescue germinated at 35% at -1.8 MPa (70% was the maximum at saturation). The presence of the Neotyphodium endophyte did not affect percent or time to germination of Arizona fescue at any of the osmotic potentials tested.Key Words: Festuca arizonica, Neotyphodium endophytes, osmotic potential, permanent wilting point, semi-arid habitats, Sporobolus wrightii Resumen La disponibilidad de agua durante la etapa de germinacion es crucial para que las semillas germinen y como recurso para el desarrollo de las plantulas. Se investigo el efecto del potencial osmotico en el porcentaje y tiempo de germinacion del "Big sacaton" (Sporobolus wrightii Munro) y "Arizona fescue" (Festuca arizonica Vasey). Predijimos que las semillas de los ambientes semiaridos germinarian a potenciales osmoticos menos negativos de aproximadamente -1.5 Mpa del punto de marchitez permanente (PMP) de la mayoria de pastos utilizados agronbmicamente. Ademas, en el "Arizona fescue" el hongo endofito, sistemico y asexual, Neotyphodium se transmite a traves de la semilla y se piensa que incrementa la germinacion de su hospedero. Por to tanto, tambien probamos el efecto del hongo endofito en la germinacion y el tiempo de germinacion del "Arizona fescue" bajo varios potenciales osmoticos. Para evaluar el potential osmotico minimo que sostiene la germinacion, el "Big sacaton" y el "Arizona fescue" se colocaron por dos semanas en membranas de acetato en contacto con soluciones de PEG de varios potenciales osmoticos. Ambos zacates germinaron al 50% de la germinacion maxima (en suelo saturado) en y abajo del PMP estandar . A -1.5 MPa el "Big sacaton" y el "Arizona fescue" tuvieron un porcentaje de germinacion de 64% y 60% respectivamente, y el "Arizona fescue" germino un 35% a -1.8 MPa (70% de la saturacion maxima). La presencia del hongo en...
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