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Key Messages• Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases distal colonic motility regardless of normal or pathological conditions via predominately activating C-fibers of somatic afferent nerve and M 3 receptors.• To investigate the effects of acupuncture on distal colonic motility, particularly in pathological conditions, and the precise mechanism employed in the regulation of acupuncture on colonic motility.• A warm-water-filled manometric balloon inserted 5-6 cm into the rectum of anesthetized rats was used to assess distal colonic motility. Acupuncture was performed at heterotopic acupoints.• Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increased distal colonic motility not only in normal rats but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea, and M 3 receptors play an important role in the facilitation of distal colonic motility. Activating afferent nerve C-fibers are essential for enhanced distal colonic motility by acupuncture. AbstractBackground Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of somatic stimulation for patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, little effort has been made to investigate the effects of acupuncture on colonic motility, particularly in pathological conditions. The precise mechanism employed in the regulation of acupuncture on colonic motility still remains unclear. Methods We assessed the effect of acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints on distal colonic motility using a warm-water-filled manometric balloon inserted 5-6 cm into the rectum of anesthetized normal rats or rats with diarrhea or constipation. Choline chloride, 4-DAMP, cobra venom and capsaicin were separately applied to investigate the role of M 3 receptors in the regulation of distal colonic motility by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, and whether Ad-and/or C-fibers are required for triggering distal colonic motility by acupuncture. Key Results Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increased distal colonic motility not only in normal rats but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea. M 3 receptors play an important role in the facilitation of distal colonic motility triggered by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints. Afferent nerve Ad-and C-fibers mediate the transduction of the acupuncture signal and C-fibers are essential for enhancing the effect of acupuncture at the heterotopic acupoint on distal colonic motility.

Oxytocin down-regulates the mesenteric afferent sensitivity through nNOS-NO-KATP pathway. Our findings may reveal a new peripheral mechanism for oxytocin analgesia.

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Arginine vasopressin inhibited the contraction of CM in proximal colon. This effect was mediated by NO produced from NF-κB-iNOS pathway and neuronal NOS activation in myenteric plexus.