Abstract:A thorough anatomical knowledge is very essential for clinical practice and any surgical procedure. Unfortunately anatomical variations can lead to hazards in medical and dental diagnosis and treatment. Such knowledge is very essential even in effective local anesthesia which is an essential part of treatment in patients with many oral disorders. Therefore a normal anatomy and its possible variations are utmost important aspects also in dentistry. One of the structures that dentists very often deal with is the mandibular nerve which therefore needs a thorough review. However, there are not many consolidated literature reviews available regarding its variations and clinical applications. Keeping this in mind, in this article, the authors have brought together available literature on various aspects of mandibular nerve. The fi nal review will be of benefi t to clinicians (Fig. 2 A thorough anatomical knowledge is very essential for clinical practice and any surgical procedure. The idea of exact location of various structures in the body prepares the clinician for a better approach in diagnosis and intervention. Unfortunately, the anatomical variations can lead to hazards in medical and dental diagnosis and treatment. Such knowledge is very essential even in effective local anesthesia which is an essential part of treatment in patients with many oral disorders. Therefore a normal anatomy and its possible variations are utmost important aspects also in dentistry. One of the structures that dentists very often deal with is the mandibular nerve which therefore needs a thorough review. However, there are not many consolidated literature reviews available regarding its variations and clinical applications. Keeping this in mind, in this article, the authors have brought together literature available on various aspects of mandibular nerve. The fi nal review will be of benefi t to clinicians.The mandibular nerve, largest division of trigeminal nerve, supplies the mandibular teeth and gums, mucosa of the anterior two thirds of the tongue, fl oor of the oral cavity, skin of the temporal region, part of the auricle and external acoustic meatus including the tympanum, lower lip, and lower and posterior parts of the face. Developmentally, it is the post-trematic nerve of the fi rst pharyngeal arch and therefore contains the motor fi bers to the muscles developed from the fi rst pharyngeal arch. It is a mixed nerve formed by the union of a large sensory root, branch of the lower part of the trigeminal ganglion and a smaller motor root from the pons which courses under the trigeminal ganglion. Both roots exit through the foramen ovale and unite just outside the foramen to form the trunk of the mandibular nerve which descends between the tensor veli palatini and lateral pterygoid muscles, gives off a meningeal branch and the nerve to medial pterygoid branch and ends by dividing into a smaller, mostly motor anterior branch and a larger, mostly sensory posterior branch. It contains about 78,000 myelinated fi bers. The nerve...

Normally, the popliteal fossa contains popliteal vessels, tibial and common peroneal nerves. An occurrence of muscle in the popliteal fossa is very rare. During routine dissection classes for medical undergraduates, an anomalous muscle in the popliteal fossa was encountered. The muscle was originating from the thick fascia around the popliteal vessels. It was getting inserted to the medial head of the gastrocnemius through a narrow tendon and was supplied by a branch of tibial nerve. The muscle was observed in the right limb and was unilateral. An awareness of the possibility that such anomalous muscles can occur in the popliteal fossa is clinically essential as these may possibly entrap and compress the popliteal vessels. The muscle reported in the present case bears clinical signifi cance since near its origin it almost completely surrounded the popliteal vessels and could pull on these vessels on contraction (Fig. 3, Ref. 14). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

To study the effect of KAP tool on nutrition intervention in the lifestyle modification of obese respondents Objectives

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