The effects of temperature and sand content on the flow resistance of high concentration heavy oil in water emulsions have been studied experimentally. The flows were laminar in a recirculating flow test loop with pipe diameter 53 mm. The effect of temperature could be explained through changes in the viscosity of the brine used to prepare the emulsions. Sand concentrations in the flow experiments were limited to 3% (mass) of the produced oil. Sand in the oil either increased or decreased the flow resistance depending upon the amount of water present initially in the oil. The sand flowed in a distinct layer at the bottom of the pipe and the velocity necessary to transport the sand was strongly dependent on emulsion effective viscosity. Velocity distribution measurements and a finite element simulation showed that a region of low viscosity forms at the pipe wall as a result of oil droplet migration into the flow. Introduction Crude petroleum is a multiphase mixture of oil, water sand and gas whose flow properties are known to be complex. For these mixtures, the resistance to flow depends strongly on the nature of the nature of the continuous phase. With no gas phase present the flow resistance can be minimized by using a surfactant to ensure that an oil in water emulsion forms. Heavy oil producers in the Lindbergh. A1betta, area have examined emulsion technology to improve the performance of oilfield pipeline gathering systems(1,2) Widespread use of flow lines would reduce truck traffic and minimize the proliferation of surface facilities. Emulsions for short distance flow lines must be easy to prepare using produced water, a minimal amount of chemical additive and simple mixing equipment. These emulsions need not be particularly durable but the oil and water must separate readily once the emulsion enters the treating facility. Unlike long distance emulsion pipelines, these short distance gathering systems may have to cope with substantial amounts of produced sand and highly variable flow rates. This investigation considered the effects of temperature and sand content on the flow resistance of high concentration heavy oil emulsions. The emulsions were prepared with moderate shear using fairly low surfactant concentrations in an attempt to simulate flow in gathering system pipelines. Sand transport by fluids in turbulent flow is comparatively well understood, but little is known about laminar flows. Because high concentration oil in water emulsions have high viscosities, laminar flow is likely to occur and the test program was restricted to this case. Emulsion Flows The resistance to flow of a single phase or multiphase mixture in a pipeline is expressed in terms of the frictional pressure gradient (ΔP/L) (kPa/m). For single phase fluids (ΔP/L) is a linear function of the viscosity µ as long as the flow is laminar. Equation 1 (available in full paper) where V is the bulk velocity and D is the pipe internal diameter. The viscosity can be measured conveniently in a variety of viscometers which do not involve pipe or tube flow.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Service, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and PCAA is a dynamic, adaptive cognitive architecture that makes previously intractable approximation tasks tractable for NP-hard cognitive problems. PCAA consists of: linear composable cognitive agents, a cognitive mark-up language for cognitive behavior definition, a cognitive layer for derivation of cognitive services and specialized cognitive agents, and a next generation polymorphic hardware and software layer for runtime composition and instantiation of cognitive agents. PCAA is a dynamic, adaptive cognitive architecture that makes previously intractable approximation tasks tractable for NP-hard cognitive problems. PCAA consists of: linear composable cognitive agents, a cognitive mark-up language for cognitive behavior definition, a cognitive layer for derivation of cognitive services and specialized cognitive agents, and a next generation polymorphic hardware and software layer for runtime composition and instantiation of cognitive agents. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)AFRL SUBJECT TERMSOur approach included a comprehensive concept study in the context of representative DoD challenge problems that have a clear and well-defined need for ACIP technology. PCAA application experiments demonstrated clear performance improvements over traditional computing architectures for cognitive processing for these applications. Our innovations include:• Dynamically composable hardware and software with linear scalability for cognitive processing across a massively parallel hardware fabric for real time autonomous systems. • A dynamically composed agent architecture that partitions reactive and predefined behaviors into linear lower level cognitive agents that tailor and adapt the overall behavior of the computing architecture to immediate mission needs.• Run-time derived cognitive virtual machines to partition cognitive processing to a new generation of computing run-time configured hardware and software to allow for dynamic cognitive computing reconfiguration required to achieve reactive processing.Our research was driven by DoD applications that have demonstrated needs for diverse cognitive processing that cannot be addressed by current computing hardware and software architectures. We demonstrated our end-to-end approach for two applications with direct DoD relevance: control of autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Intelligence Analysis.ii