In recent years, primary gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma has been increasingly detected in the duodenum on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Primary gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas are frequently distributed to multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, investigation into the spread of follicular lymphomas in the small bowel is important in order to determine the most appropriate treatment strategy. The performance of double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) in the diagnosis of jejunoileal follicular lymphoma lesions has not been fully evaluated. We aimed to investigate the value of DBE in addition to computed tomography (CT) and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) in the diagnosis of jejunoileal follicular lymphoma. DBE with biopsy was performed in seven patients with primary duodenal follicular lymphoma diagnosed by EGD, in order to investigate jejunoileal involvement. Jejunoileal follicular lymphoma lesions were detected by DBE in six out of the seven patients (three in the jejunum and three in the jejunum and ileum), whereas CT and (18)F-FDG-PET failed to detect the existence of these lesions. Endoscopic findings of the jejunoileal lesions revealed multiple white nodules and white villi, which were similar to those of duodenal lesions. DBE was more useful for the diagnosis of jejunoileal involvement in primary intestinal follicular lymphoma than CT and (18)F-FDG-PET. The use of DBE will become important for determining the most appropriate treatment for gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma.

The effects of exogenous purine supply on plasma concentration and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD), which include allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine, were studied. Five sheep, totally nourished by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids and casein, were given an abomasal infusion of a mixture of adenosine and guanosine at three levels (5n0, 10n0 and 20n0 mmol\day) each in four infusion patterns (as one, two, or four 3-h infusion periods per day or infused continuously, P1 to P4 respectively). Urine was collected hourly over 24 h, and plasma samples were collected hourly for 7 h from the start of purine infusion. Both the plasma concentration of PD and its urinary excretion changed rapidly in response to the start and termination of purine infusion with a lag time of 2-3 h. Individual sheep differed considerably in the relative proportions of the different purine derivatives in the urine. The endogenous urinary PD excretion averaged 176 (p.. 28) µmol\kg W! n (& per day. Daily PD excretion in urine increased with the amount of purine infusion, but at each level the output decreased significantly in a gradient from P1 to P4. The response of total PD excretion (Y, mmol\day) to daily purine input (X, mmol\day) was predictable and followed the equation : Y l 0n81 (p0n02)Xj3n07(p0n81)i(u e −! n #(X/uj1ku), where u is the duration over which the daily input was infused expressed as a proportion of 24 h. The recovery of the infused purines averaged 81 %. When the infusion was given continuously, plasma PD concentration was relatively stable and was linearly correlated with the purine entry rate and daily PD excretion in the urine. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was 150 (p.. 16) litres\day and the estimated tubular transport maximum was 2n6 (p.. 1n3) mmol\day. It is concluded that due to the rapidity in the response of plasma and urinary PD to changes in the exogenous purine supply, spot measurements of PD in urine or plasma can be of no value for the estimation of exogenous purine uptake unless the purine supply is relatively constant throughout the day. Daily PD excretion in urine related to the exogenous purine uptake in a predictable and reproduceable manner and provides a reliable index for the estimation of the exogenous purine uptake.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a well-known acute viral disease of salmonid species. We have identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to this disease in rainbow trout. We searched for linkage among 51 microsatellite markers used to construct a framework linkage map in backcross families of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), produced by crossing IPN-resistant (YN-RT201) and -susceptible (YK-RT101) strains. Two putative QTLs affecting disease resistance were detected on chromosomes A (IPN R S-1) and C (IPN R/S-2), respectively, suggesting that this is a polygenic trait in rainbow trout. These markers have great potential for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for IPN resistance and provide the basis for cloning of IPN resistance genes. Clarification of the genetic bases of complex traits has broad implications for fundamental research, but will also be of practical benefit to fish breeding.

Urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion was estimated to examine the effect of rumen protozoa on total PD excretion in goats fed hay and a concentrate diet. The effect of increasing protozoa number in the rumen on nitrogen (N) balance and urinary PD excretion was determined after inoculation. Protozoa increased slowly until 4 days after inoculation, and on the 5th day after inoculation rapidly, finally (10 days) reaching 4·1×105/ml of rumen contents similar to that before defaunation. Urinary N excretion showed a small (non-significant) decrease. Urinary PD excretion did not change until the 7th day, and then the level decreased on the 8th day after faunation presumably due to the effect of increased protozoa in the rumen. The mean urinary total PD excretion significantly (P<0·05) decreased in the defaunated group compared with that in the faunated group. Comparable changes were not seen in plasma PD level of faunated and defaunated groups.

Soluble glass bolus (SGB) with selenium (Se) was administered intraruminally to Se-deficient Philippine does to determine its effect on milk Se and to correlate the Se contents of does' milk and blood of does and kids. Five months after the Se administration, the does in the treated group (n = 14) had higher (p < 0.01) Se content in their blood (62.2 vs 25.7 micrograms/L) and milk (5.1 vs 2.5 micrograms/L) than does in control group (n = 13). Consequently, the blood Se of the kids (n = 14) from the treated does was higher (p < 0.05) than those kids (n = 13) in the control group (28.0 vs 5.1 micrograms/L). Blood and milk Se of does and blood Se of their kids correlated (p < 0.01) with each other. The increased Se level of does' milk because of Se supplementation was not regarded as a health hazard to humans.