Interelement effects induced by sodium, aluminum, and phosphate ion on calcium and magnesium emission were studied with a two-channel spectrometer that could record spatially resolved emission profiles of an atom line and an ion line simultaneously. The statistical moments of the digitized emission profiles were calculated and were employed for rate-constant estimation using our previously established theory. Interelement effects are results of interferences in the analyte atomization, ionization, and/or recombination steps. Characteristic changes will be induced in the emission profiles by each of these interferences. These changes can be characterized by the statistical moments of the corresponding profiles. Therefore, by investigating variations in the rate constants caused by the specific concomitant, one may better understand the analyte atomization-excitation mechanisms. Sodium enhances the atomic emission of both calcium and magnesium but has little effect on their ionic emission. Based on the trends of variation in the rate constants, the atomic signal enhancement seems to be attributed more to the facilitation of analyte atomization rather than to the shift of ionization equilibrium. Aluminum and phosphate ion appear not to induce significant interferences on either elements.

Nanocrystalline Cu2Cu1 − xFexSnS4 (CCFTS) was prepared by a simple liquid-phase method. Conduction band shifts as well as the bandgap increase were observed in the as-prepared CCFTS. For the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with CCFTS counter electrodes (CEs), charge transfer impedance (Rct1) and short-circuit current (Jsc) were reduced by 64.54% and improved by 14.64% respectively compared with that with Fe-free Cu3SnS4 (CTS) CE. The enhancement of electron transfer through the CE/electrolyte interfaces indicates the improvement of electrocatalytic activity of the CEs for reduction of I3− to I−. As a consequence, photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.95% was obtained which is 1.25 times that of the cell with Fe-free CTS CE.

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