In this research, we characterized the histopathological impact of dengue virus (serotype DENV-2) infection in livers of BALB/c mice. The mice were infected with different doses of DENV-2 via intraperitoneal injection and liver tissues were processed for histological analyses and variation was documented. In the BALB/c mouse model, typical liver tissues showed regular hepatocyte architecture, with normal endothelial cells surrounding sinusoid capillary. Based on histopathological observations, the liver sections of BALB/c mice infected by DENV-2 exhibited a loss of cell integrity, with a widening of the sinusoidal spaces. There were marked increases in the infiltration of mononuclear cells. The areas of hemorrhage and micro- and macrovesicular steatosis were noted. Necrosis and apoptosis were abundantly present. The hallmark of viral infection, i.e., cytopathic effects, included intracellular edema and vacuole formation, cumulatively led to sinusoidal and lobular collapse in the liver. The histopathological studies on autopsy specimens of fatal human DENV cases are important to shed light on tissue damage for preventive and treatment modalities, in order to manage future DENV infections. In this framework, the method present here on BALB/c mouse model may be used to study not only the effects of infections by other DENV serotypes, but also to investigate the effects of novel drugs, such as recently developed nano-formulations, and the relative recovery ability with intact immune functions of host.

No abstract

Aim: To study the incidence of HbA1c elevation in patients with ischemic stroke whose blood glucose levels were normal within the last six months. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: This cross-sectional study of the 96 patients with cerebral ischemic disease selected from the internal medicine department of Bilawal medical college Hospital Kotri, Sindh, Pakistan for one-year duration from August 2019 to August 2020. Methods: Crossectional study was conducted in the internal medicinal department of Bilawal Medical college Hospital, Kotri Sindh, Pakistan for the period of one year from August 2019 to August 2020. Total 96 study subjects were selected with cerebral ischemic disease, 62 were males and 34 were females. Many factors such as age more than 20 years, ischemic stroke and RBG (Random Blood Glucose) were also evaluated from each participant. SPSS 23.00 version was used for statistical analysis of research data. Results: 57.01 ± 13.4 years was the mean age of the patients. 62 (64.6%) patients were male and 34 (35.4%) were female. The male to female ratio was 2:1. HbA1c was elevated in 35 (36.5%) of 96 patients, while 61 (63.5%) had normal HbA1c.  The distribution of HbA1c elevation by gender showed that 20 (57.1%) patients with elevated HbA1c were men and 15 (42.9%) were women. Forty-three (70.5%) of 61 patients with normal HbA1c were male and 18 (29.5%) were female. Conclusion: it was concluded that glycated haemoglobin plays an important role for reducing the macro complication of Diabetes and the major macro complication observed was cerebral ischemic stroke among the people with elevated HbA1c.

Background: Type II diabetes is common among patients with chronic hepatitis C. The aim of the study is to govern the risk factors and prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis C patients. Place and Duration: The study was held among 100 patients with chronic hepatitis C enrolled in the Liver Clinic of Bilawal Medical College Hospital Kotri one-year duration from January 2019 to January 2020. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 100 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus who encountered the exclusion and inclusion principles were selected. Sex, height, age, smoking history, weight, body mass index and family history of diabetes were recorded, blood pressure was measured, and serum transaminase, total bilirubin, and albumin were tested. The analysis of the data was done using SPSS 23.0 statistics. The chi-square test was applied. Results: Hundred patients with chronic hepatitis C were selected for the study, 58(50%) were male and 42 (42%) were female (Fig. 1). While the number of diabetic patients among HCV patients was 24 (30%), 56 patients (70%) had chronic hepatitis C without diabetes. The study group age varies from 32 to 73 years, with the mean being 45.42 ± 9.15. 52 of the 100 patients were under 45 years of age (13 diabetic, 39 non-diabetic). In contrast, 48 patients were over 45 years of age (21 diabetics, 27 not). In the study group, family history with diabetes was positive in 35 (35%) of 100 patients, with diabetes and HCV in 21 and in 14 HCV without diabetes. The smoking history was positive in 33 (33%) of the 100 patients in the study group. The total number of subjects with less than 30 kg / m2 BMI were 62 (62%) and patients with a body mass index above 30 kg / m2 were 38. Conclusion: Aging, elevated BMI and diabetes mellitus family history are considered risk factors for developing type-II diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis C affected patients. Keywords: Type-II diabetes mellitus, Chronic Hepatitis C, Prevalence, risk factors.