Anaerobically fermented yeast products are a rich source of nutritional metabolites, mannanoligosaccharides, and β-glucans that may optimize gut health and immunity, which can translate into better growth performance and a reduced risk of foodborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (Diamond V Original XPC) inclusion in nursery diets on pig performance and gastrointestinal microbial ecology before, during, and after an oral challenge with Salmonella. Pigs (n = 40) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of diet (control or 0.2% XPC) and inoculation (sterile broth or Salmonella). Pigs were fed a 3-phase nursery diet (0 to 7 d, 7 to 21 d, and 21 to 35 d) with ad libitum access to water and feed. On d 14, pigs were orally inoculated with 10(9) cfu of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 or sterile broth. During d 17 to 20, all pigs were treated with a 5 mg/kg of BW intramuscular injection of ceftiofur-HCl. Growth performance and alterations in the gastrointestinal microbial ecology were measured during preinoculation (PRE; 0 to 14 d), sick (SCK; 14 to 21 d), and postinoculation (POST; 21 to 35 d). Body weight and ADG were measured weekly. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured weekly during PRE and POST, and every 12 h during SCK. Diet had no effect on BW, ADG, or RT during any period (P = 0.12 to 0.95). Inclusion of XPC tended (P < 0.10) to increase Salmonella shedding in feces during SCK. Consumption of XPC altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbial community, resulting in increased (P < 0.05) populations of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus after Salmonella infection. Pigs inoculated with Salmonella had decreased ADG and BW, and increased RT during SCK (P < 0.001). Furthermore, fecal Salmonella cfu (log(10)) was modestly correlated (P = 0.002) with BW (r = -0.22), ADFI (r = -0.27), ADG (r = -0.36), G:F (r = -0.18), and RT (r = 0.52) during SCK. After antibiotic administration, all Salmonella-infected pigs stopped shedding. During POST, an interaction between diet and inoculation (P = 0.009) on ADG indicated that pigs infected with Salmonella grew better when eating XPC than the control diet. The addition of XPC to the diets of weanling pigs resulted in greater compensatory BW gains after infection with Salmonella than in pigs fed conventional nursery diets. This increase in BW gain is likely associated with an increase in beneficial bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract.

Srns.AI-o, I. R. aNo Pnrcr, K. 1976 There is variation among the metabolizable energy (ME) values of cereal grains fed to poultry Slinger 1962, 1963a;March and Biely 1973). The variation is of importance to feed manufacturers, nutritionists and bereal breeders (Sibbald 1975a). The use of mean ME values can result in significant errors, but the alternative of measuring the ME values of numerous samples using a conventional bioassay (Hill et al. 1960; Can. J. Anin. Sci. 56:255-268 (June 1976) Slinger 1963b) is impractical because of the time and cost involved. The solution to this problem may lie in the application of a rapid indirect ME assay; this subject was reviewed by Sibbald (1975a cl 09 ! q 09 n q q q 09'1 q o9 o9 -9 n q -: \ q a o9 r:q 09 \ q 9 1 q cl 9 9': -1 09'l q I q oq 9 9 -'t v1 -: cl q 09 09 vl C 09 ? : ? q 1 I gDDggSgDaSgSgDgSsDDSDDDg=ggggggsggEs- ,F, i-o-sssi -siS-s i sz oo-j oi --$Sg**g*qE€€€ For personal use only. The matrix reveals several interesting relationships. The gross energy content of wheat increased with the protein content (P < 0.01) and decreased as the nitrogen-free extract or starch levels increased (P < 0.01). This is to be expected because protein contains more gross energy than carbohydrate and because as the protein content rises the nitrogen-free extract or starch content falls (P < 0.01). As the ash content of the wheat increased so did the calcium, phosphorus and phytin phosphorus levels (P < 0.01). OatsThe 28 samples of oats described in Table 3 represent 17 cultivars. Three of the cultivars, are The ME values of the oats ranged from 2.33 kcallg for a sample of Garry to 3.82 kcal/g for a sample of Vicar. The naked oats had high ME values comparable to the high ME wheats. The overall mean ME value was 3.14 + 0.07 kcal/g. In general, the low ME oats had low bulk weights; this supports the observations of Lockhart et al. (1961) and Sibbald and Slinger (1963a

The metabolic plus endogenous energy losses of 300 adult, White Leghorn roosters during a 24 hr period, following 24 hr of starvation, were measured. The losses ranged from 2.37 to 6.93, with a mean of 4.46, kcal/kg body weight/24 hr. Multiple regression analysis showed that only 23% of the variation in the loss/bird/24 hr was explained by differences in body weight and weight change. The measurements were made during 38 experiments spread over 3 years but there was no evidence of any relationship between the year or time of year and magnitude of the energy loss.

An experiment with four groups of 12 adult cockerels allowed true metabolizable energy (TME) to be estimated in several ways. The birds were alternately fed one of two samples of dehydrated alfalfa meal or starved to serve as a negative control for the measurement of metabolic and endogenous energy loss (FEm + UEe). Each bird was fed twice and served as a control twice. The correction for FEm + UEe, therefore, could be estimated from the same bird, at a different period, or from a different bird at the same period. The FEm + UEe was largely characteristic of the bird. The correlation of the first observation with the second observation for each bird was .744 (44 DF). Variation in body weight did little to explain variation in FEm + UEe (r = .069, 90 DF). The most precise TME estimates were obtained by using each bird as its own negative control. A group mean value for FEm + UEe was somewhat inferior but the decrease in precision may be offset by reduced time and cost. The TME values provided additional evidence that the FEm + UEe output is characteristic of the bird. Although some birds consistently voided alfalfa residues more slowly than other birds, the pattern was not sufficiently consistent between birds to be significant.

An experiment was conducted to examine the interplay of diet physical form (liquid vs. dry), fatty acid chain length [medium- (MCT) vs. long-chain triglyceride (LCT)], and emulsification as determinants of fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 20.0 ± 0.3 d of age (6.80 ± 0.04 kg) and fed ad libitum 1 of 8 diets for 14 d according to a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 pens per diet and 2 pigs per pen. The MCT contained primarily C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, whereas the LCT mainly contained C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. Diet physical form greatly impacted piglet growth (P < 0.001), with liquid-fed pigs (486 g/d) growing faster than dry-fed pigs (332 g/d) by 46%. Pigs fed LCT grew 22% faster (P = 0.01) than MCT-fed pigs; however, effects of emulsifier were not detected (P > 0.1). Furthermore, feed intake and G:F were 15% and 29% greater for liquid-fed pigs, and intake also was 21% greater for pigs fed LCT (P = 0.01). Diet physical form had no effect on apparent ileal fatty acid digestibility, but as expected, digestibility was greater (P < 0.001) for the MCT than the LCT diet (98.5% vs. 93.4%). Emulsification improved digestibility of most fatty acids in pigs fed LCT but not MCT (interaction, P < 0.01). Both jejunal and ileal villi height increased from 7 to 14 d postweaning (P < 0.01). Liquid-fed pigs had greater jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the dry diet; however, ileal morphology was not affected by diet physical form, fat chain length, or emulsification. Plasma ketone body concentrations were 6-fold greater in pigs fed MCT than LCT, and the difference was greater in pigs fed dry diets (interaction, P = 0.01). The bile salt concentration in jejunal digesta was 2.2-fold greater in pigs fed LCT than in pigs fed MCT (P < 0.001). Collectively, we conclude that feeding liquid diets containing emulsified LCT can improve fat utilization and markedly accentuate feed intake, growth, and G:F of weanling pigs.