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Introduction: Urinary bladder lesions constitute an important source of clinical signs and symptoms which are more disabling than lethal. The present study aimed to study the frequency of bladder lesions and to study the clinico-histomorphological features of various bladder lesions with special emphasis on grading and staging of the bladder tumours. Materials and methods: The present study is a 3 years prospective study carried out in the department of pathology. All patients who visited to urology outpatient department with lower urinary tract symptoms and obstructive bladder symptoms were subjected to cystoscopy. The detailed clinico-histomorphological features of cystoscopy biopsies are studied using WHO/ISUP 2004 histological grading and TNM staging are used in classifying the bladder tumours. Results: Out of 139 cystoscopy biopsies, the non-neoplastic bladder lesions constituted 26.6 % and neoplastic lesions constituted 73.38%. Among the neoplastic, benign lesions showed 10.79% of the cases and malignant lesions showed 62.58% of the cases. Among the malignant lesions, urothelial carcinoma was the commonest accounting for 55.39% of the cases with increased prevalence of high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (55.43%) and invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma accounting for 78.25% of the cases. Conclusions: The present study has stressed the importance of Histopathological examination with special emphasis on the study of serial sections, inclusion of smooth muscle in the biopsy for accurate grading and staging so as to decrease the mortality and morbidity due to bladder tumours.

Background: Non-infectious granulomatous dermatitis is a distinctive reactive inflammatory condition. They are relatively difficult to diagnosis and distinguish both clinically and histologically and most of them are associated with systemic diseases that impact on the overall prognosis. Present study aims at classifying the non-infectious granulomatous dermatitis based on morphology of granulomas, for making an accurate diagnosis. The definitive diagnosis of the granulomatous lesions of skin with identification of etiological agent is very essential for specific treatment and an appropriate desirable outcome.Aims and Objectives: To study the histomorphology of various non-infectious granulomatous dermatitis of skin and classify them, accordingly into different categories. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,690 skin biopsies received to the department of pathology over a period of five year (Jan 2011-Jan 2016) were objectively reviewed using different staining technique. Noninfectious granulomatous dermatitis were identified and classified into different types based on morphology, etiology and also compared among different age groups and genders. Results: Out of total 2,690 skin biopsies received, 314 cases exhibited granulomatous reaction pattern. Among the granulomatous lesions of skin, non-infectious granulomas were seen in 77 cases (2.8%). Among the non-infectious granulomas majority of the cases were mixed cell granuloma seen in 45 cases (58.44%), palisading granuloma in 19 cases (24.67 %), non-specific granulomas/miscellaneous in 10 cases (13 %) and epithelioid cell granuloma without necrosis granulomas in 3 cases (3.9 %). Conclusions: Knowledge of histomorphology of non-infectious granulomatous dermatitis is very important to understand and detect the early and old lesions of dermatitis. This helps in guiding and planning the therapeutic approaches of the dermatitis.

Uterine sarcomas are relatively rare and account for only 1-3% of all malignancies in the Female Genital Tract (FGT). Adenosarcomas of the uterus are uncommon accounting for only 5% of uterine sarcomas. They are considered less recurrent and less metastatic. However, those with sarcomatous overgrowth and heterologous differentiation are very rare, considered aggressive and need to be differentiated histologically from other sarcomas that mimic the same clinically and histologically. In the index case, a 50-year-old female presented with symptoms of pain in the abdomen and bleeding per vagina. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a large polypoid solid mass in the endometrium, suggestive of a sarcoma. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan showed an Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avid lesion in the endometrial cavity (SUV max-13.33). Total abdominal hysterectomy and salpingooophorectomy was performed. Histology showed a biphasic tumour (benign glands and malignant mesenchymal component) with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and sarcomatous overgrowth. Presence of rhabdoid cells raises the possibility of other sarcomas with these features making the diagnosis challenging. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed it to be a high grade adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth. Desmin positivity was noted in the rhabdoid cells. Majority cases of adenosarcoma are low grade, the index case was however high grade with presence of heterologous elements and sarcomatous overgrowth. Neither radiology nor clinical features can reliably differentiate adenosarcomas from other uterine sarcomas. A definitive diagnosis can be made by understanding the overlapping morphological features and correlate it with IHC to reliably differentiate it with other similar looking uterine sarcomas.

Background: We critically analyze the incidence, presentation and histopathologic findings of heterometaplastic bone formation (HBF) in nephrolithiasis in the kidneys of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithitomy for stone disease.