In this paper, automatic generation control (AGC) of two area interconnected power system having diverse sources of power generation is studied. A two area power system comprises power generations from hydro, thermal and gas sources in area-1 and power generations from hydro and thermal sources in area-2. All the power generation units from different sources are equipped with speed governors. A continuous time transfer function model of the system for studying dynamic response for small load disturbances is presented. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) automatic generation control scheme is applied only to power generations from thermal and gas sources and power generation from hydro source is allowed to operate at its scheduled level with only speed governor control. The two area power system is simulated for different nominal loading conditions. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the optimal PID gains for various cases using integral squared error plus integral time absolute error (ISE+ITAE) performance index for fitness evaluation. Some of the transient responses are shown for different nominal loading conditions due to step load disturbances in the system.

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In the current paper, automatic generation control (AGC) of a more realistic single area power system with multi-source power generation is studied. The system transfer function model comprises hydro, thermal, and gas power generations with speed governor models and system load for studying the dynamic response for small load disturbances. A proportional plus integral load frequency control scheme is applied only to thermal and gas power generations and hydro is allowed to operate at its scheduled generation level with only speed governor control. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the conventional proportional -integral controller gains. Integral squared error (ISE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE) performance indices are used to obtain optimal AGC parameters. The effects on transient performance of the system are investigated for common and individual AGC controller gains of thermal and gas power generations. It is shown that the optimum values of the AGC controller parameters for a single area power system obtained by assuming single source plant dynamics (hydro or thermal) are considerably different than that of a multi-source single area system. The study is also conducted by considering generation rate constraint (GRC) on thermal and hydro generating units. Finally, transient responses are shown for different scheduled loading conditions.

This paper presents automatic reactive power control of an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system. A synchronous generator is used for power generation from diesel and a permanent-magnet induction generator (PMIG) is used for electric power generation from wind turbine. A new mathematical model is developed to incorporate the effect of permanent-magnet of the PMIG in the generation of reactive power. To eliminate the gap between reactive power generation and demand, a variable source of reactive power is used such as static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). A study on the wind-diesel system is conducted based on small signal analysis by considering IEEE type-1 excitation system for the synchronous generator. The paper also shows the dynamic performance of the hybrid system both for constant and variable slip conditions and 1% step change in reactive power load.

A reliable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor exceeding 250nF has been integrated into the copper/low-K backend of a high-performance 90nm SOI technology. The reduction of supply grid voltage transients has enhanced microprocessor performance by approximately 10% without increasing the chip area or power consumption.