No abstract

No abstract

Abstract. Discrete in situ atmospheric measurements of molecular iodine (I 2 ) were carried out at Mace Head and Mweenish Bay on the west coast of Ireland using diffusion denuders in combination with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. I 2 , IO and OIO were also measured by long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-DOAS). The simultaneous denuder and LP-DOAS I 2 measurements were well correlated (R 2 =0.80) but the denuder method recorded much higher concentrations. This can be attributed to the fact that the in situ measurements were made near to macroalgal sources of I 2 in the intertidal zone, whereas the LP-DOAS technique provides distance-averaged mixing ratios of an inhomogeneous distribution along the light-path. The observed mixing ratios of I 2 at Mweenish Bay were significantly higher than that at Mace Head, which is consistent with differences in local algal biomass density and algal species composition. Above algal beds, levels of I 2 were found to correlate inversely with tidal height and positively with the concentrations of O 3 in the surrounding air, indicating a role for O 3 in the production of I 2 from macroalgae, as has been previously suggested from laboratory studies. However, measurements made ∼150 m away from the algal beds showed a negative correlation between O 3 and I 2 during both day and night. We interpret these results to indicate that the released I 2 can also lead to O 3 destruction via the reaction of O 3 with I atoms that are formed by the photolysis of I 2 during the day and via the Correspondence to: T. Hoffmann (hoffmant@uni-mainz.de ) reaction of I 2 with NO 3 radicals at night. The results show that the concentrations of daytime IO are correlated with the mixing ratios of I 2 , and suggest that the local algae sources dominate the inorganic iodine chemistry at Mace Head and Mweenish Bay.

[1] Theoretical studies have predicted that concentrations of gaseous I 2 and IO of the order of 80 -100 ppt and 40-50 ppt, respectively, are required in coastal air to account for photochemically-driven coastal new-particle formation events to occur. However, measurements reported to date (i.e., $20 ppt I 2 , 10 ppt IO) have not supported the required model predictions. Here, we present measurements of high concentrations of I 2 and IO in N.E. Atlantic marine air on the west coast of Ireland. The maximum mixing ratios of daytime I 2 and IO over the seaweed beds during low tide were 302 ppt and 35 ppt, respectively. The I 2 distribution was rather inhomogeneous, even at the inter-tidal zone, but closely related to the macroalgae biomass abundance. New particle formation bursts were frequently observed during daytime hours with the concentrations up to 4.5 Â 10 5 particles cm À3 during low-tide conditions, and the concentrations of ultra-fine particles were positively correlated with the IO concentrations. Considering the constraints set out in theoretical studies for new particle formation via condensation of condensable iodine oxide vapours, the results reported here clearly demonstrate that the molecular iodine and iodine monoxide concentrations in coastal air are sufficient to meet the theoretical precursor concentrations required to drive intensive coastal newparticle formation from higher order condensable iodine oxides. Citation: Huang, R. J., K. Seitz, T. Neary, C. D. O'Dowd, U. Platt, and T. Hoffmann (2010), Observations of high concentrations of I 2 and IO in coastal air supporting iodineoxide driven coastal new particle formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03803,

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and its unprecedented social restrictions may have serious mental health implications, especially in individuals who have experienced childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs). This prospective study aimed to investigate whether general psychopathology and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity increased during the pandemic as compared to prepandemic baseline data collected approximately 1 year earlier. Furthermore, we investigated whether an increase in symptomatology was linked to CTEs and mediated by a lack of perceived social support and fear of COVID‐19. An online survey was administered to 85 individuals, including both participants with PTSD, major depression, or somatic symptom disorder ( n = 63) and healthy volunteers ( n = 22), during a period of the most severe social restrictions in Germany. The survey included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, PTSD Checklist for DSM‐5 , ENRICHD Social Support Inventory, and Fear of COVID‐19 Scale. In the whole sample, we found significant increases in general psychopathology and PTSD symptom severity, ω 2 = .07–.08, during as compared to before the COVID‐19 pandemic, with CTEs predicting increased PTSD symptom severity, β = .245, p = .042. This effect was mediated by a lack of perceived social support, indirect effect = .101, 95% CI [.013, .209], but not fear of COVID‐19, indirect effect = .060, 95% CI [−.035, .167]. These findings emphasize the importance of interventions that promote social inclusion to mitigate the potentially detrimental effects of public health actions implemented against the COVID‐19 pandemic in individuals with CTEs.