Two-dimensional carbon nanostructures (carbon nanowalls) were fabricated using capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition assisted by H radical injection. Carbon nanowalls were grown on Si, SiO2, and sapphire substrates without catalyst, and independent of substrate materials. Correlation between carbon nanowall growth and fabrication conditions, such as carbon source gases was investigated. In the case using C2F6/H2 system, aligned carbon nanowalls were grown vertically on the substrate, while carbon nanowalls grown using CH4/H2 system were waved and thin (<10 nm). In the case of the deposition without H radical injection, on the other hand, carbon nanowalls were not fabricated.

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<p>Cyclic loading experiments for SM570 steel piers filled with concrete were carried out to obtain basic data on the seismic performance. On the basis of the survey results of the existing steel bridge piers of the Tokyo Metropolitan expressway in Japan, model parameters, such as axial- force ratio and slenderness ratio were selected in consideration of effect on seismic performance, especially ductility after yielding. Furthermore, a design method for retrofitting existing SM570 steel piers designed according to an old design code was investigated based on the deformation performance obtained in the experiment.</p>

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