Hydrolysis of three canola cultivars with carbohydrase reduced oil extraction time and increased oil yield. The optimum pretreatment before hexane extraction of oil was flaking, autoclaving, adjustment to 30% seed moisture including 0.12% enzyme concentration (g enzyme protein/100 g flakes), and incubation for 12 hr at 50 C, followed by drying to 4% moisture. Hexane extraction was enhanced by grinding the flakes. The relative order of enzyme efficiency in enhancement of oil extraction was mixed activity enzyme >β‐glucanase>pectinase>hemicellulase>cellulase.

Due to inefficient extractability of its low oil content, soybeans are often bypassed in village‐scale processing. Soygrits, flakes, and expanded collets were hydrolyzed by proteases, cellulases, and pectinases before oil extraction by solvent and static mechanical pressure. Driselase with multi‐enzyme activity and two proteases improved solvent extraction rates but only Driselase enhanced mechanical pressing. Up to 58% of seed oil was pressed from enzyme‐hydrolyzed flakes but 88% was pressed from Driselase‐treated collets. Either pretreatment is a feasible adjunct to mechanical pressing in small batch operations.

Normal gravity rye and triticale mashes, containing 20–21 g of dissolved solids per 100 mL of mash liquid, were fermented with active dry yeast at 27°C. Fermentations were completed within 48 hr for rye, and within 72 hr for triticale. Supplementation of mashes with urea at a concentration of 8 mM accelerated rates of sugar consumption and fermentation, and reduced fermentation time from 48 to 36 hr for rye, and from 72 to 48 hr for triticale. Rye fermented faster than triticale, due to its higher level of free amino nitrogen. Ethanol yields were 356–363 L/tonne of 14% moisture rye grain, and 362–367 L/tonne of 14% moisture triticale. Fermentation efficiencies, which were 90–91% for triticale, and 91–93% for rye, and ethanol yields were comparable to those obtained from wheat and were not affected significantly by urea supplementation. The replacement of wheats by less expensive crops such as rye and triticale would provide good economic opportunities and alternatives for the fuel alcohol industry.

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