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We experimentally study the motion and shape of a single rising bubble in super-purified water. We develop an apparatus that is equipped with a measurement system for monitoring both the resistivity and amount of total organic carbon of water in order to evaluate the purity of water. We investigate the critical Reynolds number above which the rising bubble motion changes from rectilinear to zigzag or spiral motion. It is revealed that the critical Reynolds number is susceptible to the range of observation height in the experimental tank. Next, we investigate the effects of the amount of contaminant on bubble motion. The drag coefficient of bubbles in the case of low Reynolds numbers is greatly affected by a small amount of contaminant. We also compare the experimental results of both the terminal rising velocity and drag coefficient with theoretical results for ellipsoidal bubble obtained for high Reynolds number. For smaller bubbles, good agreement is found between the experimental and theoretical results. For larger bubbles, however, discrepancies are prominent. Finally, we examine the effects of the bubble shape on its motion. There exist significant discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical results of aspect ratio as a function of Weber number, even in the range where the experimental and theoretical results in both the terminal velocity and drag coefficient show good agreement.

We report on the clinical and pathologic findings in 17 cases of endometrial carcinoma in Japanese women aged 40 years or younger. Age of the patients ranged from 16 to 40 years, with a median of 35 years. Nine of 17 tumors (52.9%) were stage I or II (FIGO 1988) but 8 (47.1%) were stage III. Four of the 8 patients with stage III disease had pelvic lymph node metastases and one also had para-aortic lymph node metastasis. One patient had metastasis to the ovary and peritoneal cytology was positive in 4 patients. Histologically, 13 of these 17 patients had endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 3 had adenoacanthoma and 1 had an undifferentiated carcinoma. Ten were well differentiated tumors (G1), 3 were moderately differentiated tumors (G2), and 4 were poorly differentiated tumors (G3). Nine of 17 (52.9%) showed deep myometrial invasion (more than a half of the myometrium) and 5 of 17 (29.4%) demonstrated lymphatic/vascular space invasion. Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases were seen in 4 of 15 (26.7%) and 1 of 15 (6.7%), respectively. Two of these 17 patients died of disease in a relatively short follow-up period. In our experience there is no difference in the survival rates between patients aged 40 years or younger and those over 40 years.

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