Deriving inspiration from the salinity of ice VII inclusions in excavated diamonds, we explore the phase behavior of quasi-two-dimensional salt water in diamond nanoconfinement via molecular dynamics simulations. We construct the compression-limit phase diagram for several slit widths over a wide range of gigapascal-high lateral pressures. We observe the assembly of solid-like amorphous monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer phases, distinct from the ordered structures found in both pure bulk water and quasi-two-dimensional confined water. The underlying mechanism of dehydration, caused by the disruptive presence of ions, and the concomitant destruction of the long-range order of the encapsulating water hydrogen-bond network are critically analyzed. Orientational analyses of the constrained salt-water system reveal ties to interlayer water hydrogen bonding and the preferential arrangement of ion and water layers. Our results offer fresh insight into the formation and structural characteristics of the phases exhibited by nanoconfined salt water.

Impurity profiling is known to identify, classify and measure both the identified and non-identified contamination present on the medicinal product. Unwanted chemicals which remain or are created during the formulation of medicinal products are pharmaceutical impurities. Impurity profiling helps in the detection, recognition and quantification in bulk products and pharmaceutical formulations of various types of impurities, as well as residual solvents. It is the simplest way to distinguish consistency and stability of bulk drugs and medication formulations. As analytical methodology has developed rapidly, it is essential to consider with their solutions problems related to impurities of drug substances and drug products. Various regulatory agencies including ICH, USFDA, Canadian Drug and Health Agencies stress the criteria for purity and for detecting impurities in active pharmaceutical materials, even in small quantities, as the presence of impurities, may have an effect on pharmaceutical products ’ efficacy and health. Therefore, the study focuses on various analytical methods for identification and quantification of impurities in pharmaceutical products to clarify the need for impurity profiling on drug products in pharmaceutical research. To drug regulators, the product substance’s impurity profile is a reliable fingerprint to prove that the manufacturing process of bulk drug substances is consistent in quality. The study gives a short summary of recent technical developments in the profiling of pharmaceutical products including pharmaceutical active ingredients as well as pharmaceutical products during 2013-2017. Such recent trends in the profiling of impurities have been addressed in the study. This focuses specifically on a thorough update on various analytical techniques, including hyphenated methods to define and measure thresholds in specific pharmaceutical matrices of impurities and degradants.