Sustainable city planning is one of many countries' 2030 sustainable development goals. In carrying out sustainable urban planning, it is necessary to look at the 3D aspect of the building. However, 3D mapping for large areas is very expensive. So we need an alternative to make three-dimensional buildings in urban areas that are cheaper. This study will review how well the three-dimensional reconstruction of urban areas uses open-source data from the Indonesian National Digital Elevation Model (DEMNAS) with a spatial resolution of 8 meters. This study found that the RMSE value of the DEMNAS 3D model reached 2.320 meters with the optimum 3-dimensional reconstruction at a medium building height around 5-7 meters. Three-dimensional modelling with DEMNAS will be good in relatively flat areas. This research hope can help better and lower cost sustainable city planning.

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The world faces the threat of an energy crisis that is exacerbated by the dominance of fossil energy sources that negatively impact the sustainability of the earth’s ecosystem. Currently, efforts to increase the supply of renewable energy have become a global agenda, including using solar energy which is one of the rapidly developing clean energies. However, studies in solar photovoltaic (PV) modelling that integrates geospatial information of urban morphological building characters, solar radiation, and multiple meteorological parameters in low-cost scope have not been explored fully. Therefore, this research aims to model the urban rooftop solar PV development in the Global South using Bandung, Indonesia, as a case study. This research also has several specific purposes: developing a building height model as well as determining the energy potential of rooftop solar PV, the energy needs of each building, and the residential property index. This study is among the first to develop the national digital surface model (DSM) of buildings. In addition, the analysis of meteorological effects integrated with the hillshade parameter was used to obtain the solar PV potential value of the roof in more detail. The process of integrating building parameters in the form of rooftop solar PV development potential, energy requirements, and residential property index of a building was expected to increase the accuracy of determining priority buildings for rooftop solar PV deployment in Bandung. This study shows that the estimated results of effective solar PV in Bandung ranges from 351.833 to 493.813 W/m2, with a total of 1316 and 36,372 buildings in scenarios 1 and 2 being at a high level of priority for solar PV development. This study is expected to be a reference for the Indonesian government in planning the construction of large-scale rooftop solar PV in urban areas to encourage the rapid use of clean energy. Furthermore, this study has general potential for other jurisdictions for the governments focusing on clean energy using geospatial information in relation with buildings and their energy consumption.

Abstract. Increasing the production of clean and environmentally friendly energy has become one of the world agendas as a strategic effort in dealing with long-term climate change. Seeing the potential of the energy produced, the ease in the installation process, with the small risk of harm generated, solar energy has received significant attention from many countries in the world. The potential for solar energy in Indonesia alone reaches 207 GWp, but only 145.81 MWp has been utilized. Currently, the Indonesian government has set a target to build a Solar Power Plant capacity in 2025 of 6.5 GWh. Urban areas are areas with higher energy demand than rural areas, but the availability of vacant land in urban areas is very minimal for installing solar power plants. Therefore, rooftop solar PV(Photovoltaic) can be a solution in dense areas such as cities. Good planning by looking at the potential resources and energy needs in spatial is needed to manage and utilize energy optimally and sustainably in urban areas. This study aims to develop a geospatial assessment for plan smart energy city that uses rooftop solar PV's potential energy in every building that is effective and efficient. The novelty in the analysis of the distribution of the potential for rooftop solar PV development in urban areas integrates meteorological and spatial aspects and socio-economic aspects. Integration of multi-dynamic spatial data uses in determining the rooftop solar PV construction location, such as meteorological data for solar energy potential, increasing energy needs of each building, and socio-economy data. The data source used comes from statistical data and remote sensing data. The analysis will be carried out temporally (2008, 2013, and 2018) to see the pattern of changes in aspects used in a certain period so that the development plan can be carried out more optimally. This research's output is the formation of a priority analysis of solar PV rooftop construction in urban areas, especially the city of Bandung. The result of energy can also produce by the construction of rooftop solar PV in a potential area. This research is expected to be utilized by policymakers to develop renewable energy in the city of Bandung and increase community participation in switching to renewable energy.

Abstract. The increasing population brings the increasing energy demand. The increasing production of fossil energy makes many gas emissions. This causes some effect like global warming. The production of clean energy concerns the world government. Solar energy has great attention from many countries worldwide, seeing the potential of the energy produced, the ease of installation process, and the small risk of damage. The potential of solar energy in Indonesia itself reaches 4.8 KWh/m2 or equivalent to 112,000 GWp. Currently, the Indonesian government has a target for constructing solar power plants in 2025 of 0.87 GW or around 50 MWp/year. The absence of research on determining the appropriate location based on multiple aspects is one of the obstacles in planning the construction of a solar PV power plant. Good planning is needed to determine the management and installation of an optimum and sustainable solar PV power plant. This research aims to develop an effective and efficient multi-scenario spatial model for the distribution of Solar PV (Photovoltaic) power plant development in Indonesia. The novelty in the study of the distribution of solar energy potential integrates meteorological and Geographic aspects and socio-economic aspects. The integration of dynamic multi-spatial data is used to determine the location of the development of solar power plants. Meteorological data is used to calculate potential energy, socio-economic data is used to determine the location for energy demand, and geographic aspect is used to know the suitable environment to install solar PV. The output of this research is the location of the priorities for the development of communal solar power plants in Indonesia. The distribution of effective Solar PV power plant development in Indonesia using a multi-scenario spatial model is divided into five suitability classes. The percentage of suitability class is 0.2% very low class, 3.5% low, 32.4% medium 56.9% high class, and very high 7%. The result is published in WebGIS that can access in link http://bit.ly/ModelPLTSIndonesia. It is hoped the results of this research can be used as material for consideration and one of the solutions for policymakers in making decisions regarding the development of communal solar power plants in Indonesia.