During lyophilization frozen water and moisture associated with dissolved substances are removed, desorption occurs in the process of secondary drying. This stage is one of the main stages of the technological process in terms of duration comparable with primary freeze drying and is of paramount importance for the further storage of lyophilisates. Mathematical modeling of secondary drying and the use of these methods in calculating design space of the process are described in the presented article. The equations for calculating the rate of secondary drying, residual moisture, and other conditions on the basis of values of the temperature of the heat-transfer fluid and pressure in the freezedrying chamber are shown. Possibilities for determining design space boundaries on the basis of the composition of lyophilisate, required values of residual moisture and drying kinetics are demonstrated. The proposed mathematical model makes it possible to estimate the duration of the secondary drying process for various values of temperature and pressure in the chamber within the design space.

The levels of himantane and its metabolites in daily urine and feces of rats were measured after intraperitoneal and oral dose of 25 mg/kg. The injected dose of the initial substance and 1.3% its metabolites were eliminated with excrements within 24 h after administration via both routes 0.23%.

The subject of the article is ethnogenesis of the Balto-Slavic-Germanic group of the Indo-European language family. The article analyzes data on the genetic composition of the population of the Corded Ware cultures in Central Europe and the Northern Circle cultures in Jutland and Southern Scandinavia. The study aims to determine the primary habitat of the Nordic Indo-Europeans in the period preceding the disintegration of dialectal unity and the beginning of their migrations to Central Europe. The methodology is based on comparative and cluster analysis of mitochondrial components in the studied populations and their synchronous or diachronic occurrence in other populations and areas. The analysis results are verified by the data of archeology, anthropology and glotto- chronology according to the principle of mutual convergence. In the course of the study, we have established that the substrate of Corded Ware cultures lived in the middle reaches of the Dnieper since the Neolithic pe- riod, at the same time, it is possible to localize the Nordic Indo-Europeans in the indicated region as a single and undivided dialect group not earlier than the emergence of the Middle Dnieper variant of the Yamnaya culture, for which the chronological framework is determined. It was also found that the influx of mito- chondrial genes from the eastern regions of the Yamnaya culture into the habitat of the Nordic Indo-Europeans was quantitatively insignificant and did not entail a qualitative change in culture and language.