*1 I.e. a 1.5 kg sample of Ϫ40ϩ10 mm sinter was tumbled in a 1 m diameter, 50 mm length drum for 200 revolutions at a speed of 25 rpm. The 65 wt%ϩ5 mm target TI for the sinter product correlates to an acceptable industrial scale sinter plant value.

The iron blast furnace is the most widely used and efficient producer of liquid iron; however, emissions from sintering and coking cause environmental pressure for the integrated steel works. The combustion of coke fines (breeze) during sintering contributes to greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide) and is a source of SO x and NO x emissions. Coking capacity is also constrained by environmental concerns and economic factors, such as increased coke consumption and short supply is leading to high prices. Improved coking practices, which result in reduced production of fines, are also contributing to the tight availability of breeze for sintering. This combination of factors presents an opportunity to consider alternatives to coke as a fuel for sintering. CSIRO Minerals has been investigating the use of wood biomass/char as a substitute for coke during sintering. Wood biomass, or char produced from it, is an attractive carbon source as carbon dioxide liberated during combustion can be sequestered back into growing biomass. It has great potential to reduce the emissions from integrated steelworks and improve their environmental acceptability. Harvested biomass/char is also a renewable and sustainable resource and can be integrated with good land management practices such as remediation of salinity affected land. Weeds, especially woody weeds, can also be used as a source of biomass for charcoal and integrating char production with weed management can help address a pressing environmental issue in Australia. Previous reported preliminary testwork indicated that the use of Red Gum char as a replacement for coke resulted in a product sinter of comparable quality, improvements in productivity and significant reductions in SO x and NO x emissions. In the latest testwork, CSIRO has examined the properties of a range of potential charcoals and has conducted a further series of granulation and small scale sintering trials with them in simulated Japanese Steel Mill iron ore blends. Sinter fuels characterised and evaluated include industry sourced coke breeze, commercially available wood char and a charcoal from prickly acacia (acacia nilotica). Prickly acacia has been declared a noxious weed, is widespread in Australia and is classified as a 'weed of national significance'. The results presented in this paper support the notion that charcoal outperforms coke in many aspects of iron ore sintering and factoring in environmental considerations makes the switch to charcoal even more favourable.

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