No abstract

SUMMARY Objective:The data gathered objectively, and the information which is evidence-based is essential in evaluating both the sufficiency and the efficiency of medical education. Especially the feedback of students insights and suggestions is a good guidance for management of medical training. In this context, in the present study, it has been aimed to determine the thoughts and recommendations of 5th-grade Medical Faculty Students about Clinical Anatomy Course (CAC) by using a questionnaire which is consist of 12 questions. Method: A hundred and forty-four student (81 female and 63 male) volunteered to participate the study and took the questionary. Results: While 86.8 % of the students mentioned that it would be more necessary to take Clinical Anatomy Course during Orthopedics Course, 87.5 % of the student showed their preference for Neurosurgery Course. 75.7 % of the students suggested that it would also be beneficial to add CAC into the Eye Diseases and Otorhinolaryngology Practise in addition to those practices mentioned above. While the allotted time for CAC in the Clinical Practice was found sufficient to only 39.6 % of the student, 31.9 % asked for an increase in duration of CAC. According to 71.5 % of the students, the information should be solidified after the theoretical lectures by practices in which bones, manikins, and cadavers are used effectively. Giving attendance is not favored by 50 % of the students, and almost same amount of the participants (51.4 %) thinks the exam at the end of the class or the course is unnecessary. Conclusions: It has been understood from the positive feedback of the students that CAC which is currently taken during Orthopedics and Neurosurgery Courses facilitates the understanding Clinical Practise topics and it increases the overall success of the students in Clinic. While preparing the medical training curriculum, adding the CAC into the clinical training curriculums when needed may help to increase the overall quality of the medical education. Keywords: Clinical anatomy, questionnaire, medical education. ÖZET Amaç: Tıp eğitiminin yeterliliğinin ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesinde somut veriler ve kanıta dayalı bilgiler önemlidir. Özellikle öğrencilerin görüş ve önerilerinin alınması tıp eğitiminin yönlendirilmesinde yol gösterici olmaktadır. Bu sebeple, çalışmamızda oniki sorudan oluşan anket formu uygulanarak, C.Ü. tıp fakültesi beşinci sınıf öğrencilerinin klinik anatomi dersi hakkındaki düşünceleri ve önerilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya anket sorularını cevaplamayı kabul eden 81'i kadın, 63'ü erkek 144 gönüllü öğrenci dahil edildi. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin % 86.8'i ortopedi, % 87.5'i beyin cerrahi stajları içerisinde verilmekte olan klinik anatomi dersinin gerekli olduğunu düşünürken, %75.7'si bu stajlara ek olarak özellikle göz ve KBB stajları içerisinde de klinik anatomi dersinin faydalı olacağını belirtmiştir. Stajlar içerisinde klinik anatomi dersi için ayrılan süreyi öğrencilerin % 39.6'sı yeterli bulurken, %31.9'u ders saatlerinin ar...

Pterion is an irregular H letter shaped sutural confluence in the temporal fossa formed by frontal, parietal bones, great wing of sphenoid bone and temporal squama. Pterion is classified in 4 types as follows: sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, epipteric and stellate. The pterion represents: anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery, middle cerebral artery, Broca’s motor speech area, insula and stem of the lateral cerebral sulcus. This pterion junction has been used as a common extra-cranial landmark for surgeons in microsurgical and surgical approaches pertaining to important pathologies of this region. In the present study, our aim was to determine pterion types, to estimate distances between pterion and some special landmarks by which means to contribute to the related literature by comparing the data with other studies focusing on various populations. Pterion types identified by observation and measurements were taken by steel Vernier caliper. This study was conducted with 75 adult skulls (both sides 150 pterion). Skulls were classified with regard to gender as: 47 male and 28 female. Pterion types observed in both genders were classified as: sphenoparietal type  82% (84.04% in male, 78.57% in female), frontotemporal type 4.66% (5.31% in male, 3.57% in female), epipteric type 10.66% (8.51%  in male, 14.28% in female) and stellate type  2.66% (2.12% in male, 3.57% in female). These findings will be usefull for clinicians, anthropologists and forensics. El pterion es una confluencia sutural con forma de letra H irregular en la fosa temporal formada por los huesos frontales, parietales, el ala mayor del hueso esfenoides y la escama temporal. Pterion se clasifica en 4 tipos de la siguiente manera: Esfenoparietal, frontotemporal, epiptérico y estrellado. El pterion representa: la rama anterior de la arteria meníngea media, la arteria cerebral media, el área motora del habla de Broca, la ínsula y el vástago del surco cerebral lateral. Esta unión del pterión se ha utilizado como un hito extracraneal común para los cirujanos en enfoques microquirúrgicos y quirúrgicos relacionados con patologías importantes de esta región. En el presente estudio, nuestro objetivo es determinar los tipos de pterion, estimar las distancias entre el pterión y algunos puntos de referencia especiales para contribuir a la literatura relacionada mediante la comparación de los datos con otros estudios que se centran en diversas poblaciones. Los tipos de pterión identificados por observación y mediciones fueron tomados por un calibrador a Vernier de acero. Este estudio se realizó con 75 cráneos adultos (ambos lados 150 pterion). Los cráneos se clasifican en función del género como: 47 hombres y 28 mujeres. Los tipos de pterion observados en ambos sexos se clasifican en: tipo esfenoparietal 82% (84,04% en hombres, 78,57% en mujeres), tipo frontotemporal 4,66% (5,31% en hombres, 3,57% en mujeres), tipo epiptérico 10,66% (8,51% en hombres, 14,28% en mujeres) y tipo estrellado 2,66% (2,12% en hombres, 3,57% en mujeres). Estos hallazgos serán útiles para los clínicos, antropólogos y médicos forenses.

Purpose: To investigate the analgesic effects of oxytocin (OT) and elucidate the role of dopaminergic system in its mechanisms.Methods: In this study, 72 male (n=6 for each group) 230-250 gr Wistar Albino rats were used. Firstly, dose studies were performed with 100 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg and 400 μg/kg to determine the optimal analgesic effect of oxytocin. Optimal dose was found at 200 μg/kg, and then animals were divided into nine groups: Saline, D1 agonist (SKF 38393; 0.1 mg/kg), D1 antagonist (SCH-23390; 0.1 mg/kg), D1 agonist + oxytocin, D1 antagonist + oxytocin, D2 agonist (Cabergoline; 0,5 mg/kg), D2 antagonist (Sulpride; 10 mg/kg), D2 agonist + oxytocin and D2 antagonist + oxytocin. Serum physiologic saline was given to the saline group and other drugs were administered intraperitoneally at the indicated doses. Tail-flick and hot-plate tests were used to measure analgesic effects. Analgesic tests were measured in 30 min-intervals (at 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th min) and recorded in seconds. To evaluate maximum antinociceptive effect (% MPE), the tail-flick and hot-plate latencies were converted to the antinociceptive effectivenessResults: The results show that D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (0.1 mg/kg) and D2 agonist cabergoline (0.5 mg/kg) created strong analgesia while the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (0.1 mg/kg) and D2 antagonist sulpiride (10 mg/kg) did not have any analgesic effect. However, only D2 antagonist sulpiride blocked the analgesic effect produced by OTConclusion: OT may be one of the primary agents participating in spinal analgesia, and the dopaminergic system is one of the central mechanisms of action for this important molecule. The dopaminergic system may also be one of the targets for ‘descending’ analgesic system. Keywords: Oxytocin, Tail flick, Hot plate, Dopaminergic, Analgesic, Antagonist, Agonist

In this case, two different rare variant veins were encountered and clinical significance and nomenclature were studied. During the dissection of a 45-year-old female cadaver, two different coursed variant veins on both popliteal fossae were encountered. Variant veins both originated from anastomosis with the popliteal vein on both sides. The right variant vein course was above the adductor magnus muscle. Then, it was arced to the anterior thigh for terminating to the femoral vein between adductor magnus and minimus muscles. Its length was 25.25 cm, and it had a single well-developed valve. The left variant vein coursed between the biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles and terminated to the inferior gluteal vein at the lower border of the gluteus maximus muscle. Its length was 17.5 cm, and it had two well-developed valves, which were located 8.4 cm and the second 13.9 cm away from its beginning. Variant veins considered as a complete type of persistent vein and axial truncus + femoral vein on the right and left sides, respectively. The variant veins and similar venous variations encountered in this case should be considered by clinicians due to be in related to pulmonary embolism. Also, it might be kept in mind to avoid misinterpretation of the deep venous thrombosis.