The use of medicinal plants as a core component of the traditional African health care system is perhaps the oldest and most diverse of all therapeutic approaches. Traditional herbal healers are, in many parts of rural Africa, the most readily accessible and affordable health resource available to the local population and, at times, the only surviving treatment. Finding a suitable solvent is important to obtain a high yield of antioxidants in the phytochemicals present in C. africana. Among the solvents, methanol displayed the highest capacity in extracting glycosides (223.12±1.20 mg LE/g dry weight) phenolics (89.09±0.24 (mg GAE/g dry weight) and flavonoids (80.88±0.24 mg QE/g dry weight) from C. africana stem bark extract. Closely related trend was observed in glycosides, phenolics and flavonoids extracted with n-hexane. These findings suggest a high number of polar glycosides and phenolics in the stem extract of C. africana. These findings validate the pharmacological activities of the plant in Africa.

Biofilm formation is a process by which microorganisms irreversibly bind to and grow on a surface and create extracellular polymers that promote the formation of attachments and matrixes, resulting in a change in the organisms' phenotype in terms of growth rate and transcription of genes.  A. philippense is a fern with many curative properties that is medicinally treasured. Predictive mathematical modeling approach was used to study adhesion of S. aureus with biofilm. Out of the eight different primary model, modified Gompertz best fit the effect of the plant extract on the biofilm formation and adhesion with S. aureus with the least value for RMSE, AICc and the uppermost value for adjusted R2. The parameters obtained from the modified Gompertz when compared with control and chloramphenicol were ymax 0.980 (95% C.I. 0.889 to 1.070) and 0.637 (95% C.I. 0.604 to 0.670), umax 0.185 (95% C.I.  0.120 to 0.250) and 0.183 (95% C.I. 0.141 to 0.225), lag (h) 0.180 (95% C.I. -0.764 to 1.124) and 3.343 (95% C.I. 2.933 to 3.753) respectively. A strong model to use to fit sigmoidal growth or formation curves tends to be the modified Gompertz equation. The benefit of using this function is that a constant formation rate is not assumed by the Gompertz equation. Instead, it is a model that can be used to model rates of formation (of biofilm) that change over time. Keywords