Hypertension is a major long-term health condition and a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. The aim of this study was to examine major factors that affect survival time of hypertension patients under follow-up. We considered a total of 430 random samples of hypertension patients who had been under follow up at Yekatit-12 Hospital in Ethiopia from January 2013 to January 2019. Four parametric accelerated failure time distributions: Exponential, Weibull, Lognormal and loglogistic are used to analyse survival probabilities of the patients. The Kaplan-Meierestimation method and log-rank tests were used to compare the survival experience of patients with respect to different covariates. The Weibull model is selected to best fit to the data sets. The results indicate that the baseline age of the patient, place of residence, family history of hypertension, khat intake, blood cholesterol level of the patient, hypertension disease stage, adherence to the treatment and related disease were significantly associated with survival time of hypertension patients. But factor like gender, tobacco use, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus status and fasting blood sugar were not significantly associated factors. Society and all stakeholders should be aware of the consequences of these factors which can influence the survival time of hypertension patients.

Background: Hypertension is a worldwide public-health challenge and one of a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. Aims: The aim of this study was compare parameter estimations using both Bayesian and classical approaches and to detect out potential factors that affects survival probability of hypertension patient's under follow up. Materials and Methods: A simple random sampling technique was used to select 430 patients among a total of 2126 hypertension patients who had been under follow up at Yekatit-12 Hospital in Ethiopia from January 2013 to January 2019. Parametric distributions: Exponential, Weibull, Lognormal and loglogistic are studied to analysis survival probabilities of the patients in both Bayesian and classical approaches. The model selection criteria are employed to identify the model with best fit to the data. Bayesian estimation approach was smaller deviance information criteria as compare to classical estimation approaches for the current data set. Results and Conclusion:The analysis Bayesian Weibull results indicate that the baseline age of the patient, gender, family history of hypertension, tobacco use, alcohol use, khat intake, blood Erango et al.; AIR, 20(2): 1-10, 2019; Article no.AIR.52009 2 cholesterol level of the patient, hypertension disease stage, adherence to the treatment and related disease were significantly associated with survival time of hypertension patients. Patients with raised blood Cholesterol level at baseline tend to have shorter survival time as compare to one with normal blood cholesterol level at baseline. Society and all stakeholders should be aware of the consequences of these factors which can influence the survival time of hypertension patients. Original Research Article

Background: Globally 36.7 million people living with HIV, 1.8 million new HIV infection, and 1 million AIDS-related deaths in 2016.Patient mortality was high during the first 6 months after therapy for all patient subgroups and exceeded 40 per 100 patient years among patients who started treatment at low CD4 count. The aim this study was to evaluate the trend of CD4 cell count over time and to determine the progress of patient characteristics measured at baseline on CD4 cell count of HIV-infected patients who were under ART treatment in Arba Minch Hospital.  Methods: This study was retrospective follow up study using data extracted from medical records, patient interviews, and laboratory work-up. The study was employed among 550 adult patients that were selected by simple random sampling. The continuous outcome variable CD4 cell count has measured at months 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24. Longitudinal data analysis were used because the set of measurements on one patient tend to be correlated, measurements on the same patient close in time tend to be more highly correlated than measurements far apart in time, and the variability of longitudinal data often changes with time and the data handled through linear mixed effect models. Result: The fitted result of the linear mixed model showed that linear visit time effect and the baseline characteristics education status, condom, tobacco, degree of Disclosure, and weight effects had significant effect on CD4 measurements. Also, the interaction age with linear visit time effect had significant effect on the evolution of CD4 cell count. However, no significant difference between sex, WHO stage, and marital status groups. Conclusion: This study find that the CD4 cell count of HIV/AIDS patients is significantly determined by the visit time, education status, condom, tobacco, degree of Disclosure, and weight effects of patients.

Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is essential to reduce the multiplication of the virus and improve disease outcomes. The studies have reported a range of factors influencing antiretroviral therapy adherence at various levels. Almost all studies were modeling the factors based on binary categorization of the adherence. Objective: This study intended to determine the adherence level and its associated factors to antiretroviral therapy among adult people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that employed among 391 adult patients that were selected by simple random sampling. The cumulative Logit model was used to examine the associations between the outcome of antiretroviral therapy adherence and independent variables. Results: The study participants with good level of antiretroviral therapy adherence (67.77%) were approximately four times higher than study participants with fair (17.39%) and good (14.83%) adherence levels. As the duration on ART changed from ≤12 months to >12 months, the odds of high adherence/less adherence increased with approximately 61% (p = 0.0347) across the full scale of adherence levels. The estimated odds of patients with a CD4 ≥ 200cells/mm3 was 1.65 (p = 0.0279) times toward poor level of antiretroviral therapy adherence than the estimated odds of patients with CD4 < 200cells/mm3. Study participants who have single marital status tending to have more poor level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy than patients with married marital status (p = 0.0003). Conclusion: Levels of adherence to the antiretroviral therapy is significantly determined by the duration on antiretroviral therapy, the number of CD4 counts, the types of initial antiretroviral therapy regimens and the marital status of adult people living with HIV/AIDS.

Background Fecundity is a physiological ability to have children. The inability to get the desired child which was commonly caused by the prolonged time to conceive due to unwanted non-conception period increased from time to time. As a result, many couples are developing psychological, social, and economic problems and unstable life. However, information on fecundity status is limited in Ethiopia context. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the proportion of sub-fecundity and associated factors in Ethiopia context. Methods A health institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch health facilities from March 25 to April 25, 2020. By using a systematic sampling method, 539 mothers were selected for the study. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the sub-fecundity. Variables with p-value <0.25 in the bi-variable logistic regression analysis were interred and checked for association in a multivariable logistic regression model. The level of statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. Result The proportion of sub-fecundity was 17.8% with 95%CI (14.8%-21.3%). Mothers’ age ≥ 30 (AOR = 2.54, 95%CI; 1.18–5.48), partners’ age ≥ 35 (AOR = 2.20, 95%CI; 1.01–4.75), coffee consumption of ≥ 4 cups/day (AOR = 2.93, 95%CI; 1.14–7.53), menses irregularity (AOR = 3.79 95%CI; 2.01–7.14) and coital frequency of 1day/week (AOR = 3.65, 95%CI; 1.47–9.05) were significantly associated with the sub-fecundity. Conclusion This study found that a substantial proportion of mothers were sub-fecund. Factors that contributed to the sub-fecundity were pre-pregnancy; mothers’ age, partners’ age, coffee drinking of ≥ 4 cups/day, coital frequency of 1day/week, and menses irregularity. Thus, efforts to prevent sub-fecundity should focus on awareness creation as to plan to conceive at early age, reducing coffee consumption, increasing days of coital frequency per week, and investigating and treating mothers with irregular menses.