Wprowadzenie i cel pracy. Problematyka sztucznej inteligencji jest stosunkowo nowym zagadnieniem w naukach medycznych. Regularnie pojawiają się publikacje dotyczące jej zastosowań w medycynie. Często dotyczą one wykorzystania algorytmów głębokiego uczenia, opartego na sieciach neuronowych, które są w stanie rozpoznać zmiany chorobowe widoczne na obrazie. Celem pracy jest omówienie możliwości wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji w medycynie, szczególnie w radiologii i patomorfologii, oraz przedstawienie osiąganych dzięki niej wyników. Metody przeglądu. W marcu 2021 roku przeszukano bazę danych Medline (PubMed) oraz Google Scholar przy użyciu słów kluczowych: "artificial intelligence", "deep learning", "machine learning", "digital pathology", "convolutional neural network". Wybrano prace opublikowane w języku angielskim, w latach 2015-2021. Opis stanu wiedzy. Istnieje wiele doniesień o zastosowaniach sztucznej inteligencji w medycynie, głównie w dziedzinie radiologii i patomorfologii. Badania pokazują, że samouczące się algorytmy są w stanie z dokładnością zbliżoną do oceny przeprowadzonej przez lekarzy, a niekiedy nawet większą, wykryć zmiany chorobowe na zdjęciu rentgenowskim, tomografii komputerowej czy na zdjęciu preparatu mikroskopowego. W przedstawionych badaniach zauważalne są istotne korzyści wynikające z synergistycznego działania lekarzy i sztucznej inteligencji. Podsumowanie. Wyniki uzyskiwane przez algorytmy oparte na sztucznej inteligencji świadczą o tym, że może ona usprawniać proces diagnozowania pacjentów, głównie dzięki uzupełnianiu wiedzy i doświadczenia lekarzy. Ważną kwestią jest również to, że korzystanie przez lekarzy z samouczących się algorytmów zmniejsza ryzyko popełnienia błędu ludzkiego, np. niezauważenia zmiany chorobowej widocznej na zdjęciu rentgenowskim.
Introduction and purpose Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has an unclear etiology. Genetic and environmental factors dominate among the etiologic factors. The disorder is characterized by the presence of obsessions (repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, impulses or urges) and compulsions (rituals; repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession). This disorder has less than 4% of the population. Treatment is a long and difficult process, and the best results are with SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The aim of the study was to review articles linking gut microbiota and obsessive-compulsive disorder issues. A brief description of the state of knowledge The gut microbiota-gut-brain axis perhaps has an impact on the etiology of psychiatric diseases. Its existence has been well researched in animals. Researches suggest that there possibly may be changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the gut microbiota composition may worsen the patient's condition. The use of probiotics may help improve the patient's condition and reduce symptoms of the disorder. Summary (conclusions) More research is needed to explore the potential impact of the gut microbiota on obsessive-compulsive disorder. This could perhaps lead to future applications of probiotics, e.g., in the adjunctive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Introduction and purpose Vonoprazan is a potassium-competent acid blocker (P-CAB). It has the potential to be an alternative to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as it inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion. The mechanism of action is different than PPIs - vonoprazan reversibly inhibits gastric H+, K+-ATPase, while PPIs irreversibly. Vonoprazan is approved for use in Japan and the US. The aim of the study was to review articles on the use of vonoprazan instead of PPIs in the treatment of acid-related gastrological diseases and to present the results obtained. A brief description of the state of knowledge Vonoprazan is used in the treatment of acid-related gastrological diseases. The 20 mg dose is suitable for most diseases, such as treatment of ulcers during low-dose aspirin treatment, post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (post-ESD) ulcers, erosive esophagitis (EE) in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Helicobacter pylori eradication. Summary Researches suggest that the drug is an alternative for PPIs and can be used instead of them. The main advantage of this drug over PPIs is that it works faster, more potent and long-lasting. Studies suggest that vonoprazan can be use to treatment of the acid-related diseases and may be a better choice than PPIs. Vonoprazan may have a particular use in the treatment of PPI-refractory GERD. In post-ESD ulcers, a significant benefit in treatment effects of vonoprazan over PPIs cannot be clearly concluded.
Introduction and purpose: The purpose od this study is to describe influence of participating in sporting activities on health of the bones. Osteoporosis is a disease of elderly people in which bone mineral density lowers. Physical activity was reported to increase bone mineral density.A brief description of the state of knowledge: Better physical performance is a positive factor that lowers the possibility of fracturing the bones of the elderly. Another factor that plays protective role is lean body mass and development of muscles. Training in young age can help to increase the bone mineral density, but the effect ceases with the passing of time, being much lower after decades. Multiple genes have impact on bone mineral density of the individual. Professional athletes have usually higher bone mineral density, but accumulation of microdamage in their bones can result in stress fractures. Training in elderly age is proven to increase bone mineral density of an individual, especially performing weight-bearing sports.Conclusions: Physical activity has been proven to positively affect health in many ways. One of them is strengthening the bones by increasing bone mineral density. As it increases, the possibility to break the bone lowers, which makes it an effective way to support the fight against the osteoporosis. It is especially important for women, who are more susceptible to osteoporotic fractures in post-menopausal age.
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