Male factor infertility is the sole reason in approximately 25% of couples who suffer from infertility. Genetic factors such as numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of the Y chromosome might be the cause of poor semen parameters. The results of karyotype analyses and Y-chromosome microdeletions of 1935 patients with severe male factor infertility, which is the largest series from Turkey, were assessed retrospectively. The frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities among 1214 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and 721 patients with severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) were 16.40 and 5.83% respectively. The overall incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletion was 7.70%. The incidence of Y chromosome microdeletion in patients with NOA and OAT was 9.51 and 1.86% respectively. The abnormality rate increased with the severity of infertility. Some patients (n = 22) were carriers of both chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosome microdeletions. Results suggest the need for genetic screening and proper genetic counselling before initiation of assisted reproduction treatment.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate risk factors for lymph node metastases (LNM) in cases of endometrial cancer (EC). Materials and Methods: A retrospective single institution analysis of patients surgically staged for EC at Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital from 1996 to 2010 was performed. Roles of prognostic factors, such as age, histological type, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, peritoneal cytology, and tumor size, in the prediction of LNM were evaluated. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis were used to assess the effects of various factors on LNM. Results: LNM was observed in 22 out of 247 patients (8.9%) and was significantly more common in the presence of tumors of higher grade, deep myometrial invasion (DMI), cervical involvement, size >2cm, and with positive peritoneal cytology. Logistic regression analysis revealed that DMI remained the only independent risk factor for LNM. NPV, PPV, sensitivity, and specificity for satisfying LNM risk were 98.0, 19.5, 86.3, and 65.3%, respectively for DMI. Conclusions: The incidence of LNM is influenced independently by DMI. If data support a conclusion of DMI, LND should be seriously considered.

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Objective: Clomiphene citrate (CC) has some negative effects on the endometrium. We aimed to determine the effect of vaginally administered local estrogen (LE) on endometrial thickness (ET) and pregnancy rates in CC stimulated cycles. Material and Methods:This was a prospective randomized crossover study that took place in a university hospital. The patients had received CC due to unexplained infertility (UI). Two different treatment protocols were given sequentially as, either CC+LE or CC alone. Each protocol was planned for two cycles and there was a one-month wash-out period between protocols. The effects of LE on the 3 rd and 9 th day, the ovulation day (OD) and 7 th postovulation day (POD7) were investigatedResults: A total of 6 pregnancies were achieved with 3 patients from each protocol. The ET was 7.6±1.4 mm and 8.3±2.1 mm respectively and significantly different in the CC group and the CC+E2 groups on the OD (p=.039), while these values were 9.7±2.3 mm and 10.9±3.0 mm respectively and significantly different on the POD7 (p=.007). There was no significant difference between the groups for arterial PI values on the OD and POD7. The frequency of thin endometrium (<6 mm) was 15.2% and 12.2% respectively in the CC group and the CC+E2 group on the OD (p=.628) and 5.1% and 1.2% respectively on the POD7 (p=.182). Conclusion:Adding vaginal LE to CC stimulated cycles led to a significant increase in ET on the OD and POD7. However, this difference in thickness was not reflected in the pregnancy rates in this study.