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Lichens have been widely used in biomonitoring studies. In this study, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in some foliose and fruticose lichens which are found in Samsun were investigated and the differences among the species in terms of trace element concentrations and possible interactions among heavy metals were also examined. The results of the present study show that the study area is polluted by Pb and Cd. The cadmium contamination levels were also higher than those of the other elements. The highest Pb (101.39 ppm), Cu (43 ppm) and Zn (67.60 ppm) levels were found in Physcia adscendes. In addition to this, Hypogymnia physodes is one of the foliose species and the best accumulator of Cd (245.73 ppm) as compared to the other species. Samsun Ýlinde Ýz Element Konsantrasyonlarýnýn Likenler Kullanýlarak Biyolojik Olarak Belirlenmesi ÖzetLikenler biyomonitör çalýþmalarýnda yaygýn olarak kullanýlýrlar. Bu çalýþmada, Samsun ilinde yayýlýþ gösteren bazý yapraksý (foliose) ve dalsý (fruticose) likenlerde Cd, Cu, Pb ve Zn konsantrasyonlarý ve iz element konsantrasyonlarý açýsýndan türler arasýndaki farklýlýklar ve aðýr metaller arasý muhtemel etkileþimler incelendi. Mevcut çalýþmanýn sonuçlarý çalýþma alanýnýn Pb ve Cd tarafýndan kirlendiðini gösterdi. Kadmiyum kirliliði seviyeleri diðer elemetlerinkinden yüksektir. En yüksek Pb (101.39 ppm), Cu (43 ppm) ve Zn (67.60 ppm) seviyeleri Physcia adscendes'de bulundu. Buna ilave olarak, yapraksý türlerden birisi olan Hypogymnia physodes diðer türler ile karþýlaþtýrýldýðýnda en iyi Cd (245.73 ppm) biriktiren türdür.

A total of 209 taxa were identified from 20 sampling stations in the Turkish provinces of Amasya, Çorum, and Tokat. 165 taxa are reported as new from Tokat, 63 for Amasya and 56 for Çorum. Three taxa, Leptorhaphis parameca, Ramalina pontica, and Seirophora contortuplicata, are newly recorded for Turkey. For each taxon, habitat and distributional data are presented.

314 taxa belonging to 99 genera are reported from Ordu province in the Central Black Sea region of Turkey. 263 taxa are reported for the first time from the province, and 3 species, Arthopyrenia persoonii, Sphinctrina leucopoda and Verrucaria submersella, are new records for Turkey. Key words-Aydo"an hill, biota, biodiversity 2_ Kadir Kınalıo!lu mouths. The wide altitudinal variation, rough topography, influence of the adjacent sea, and big streams of the Ordu provide a wide range of climatic zones. However, oceanic climate prevails in Ordu. The mean rainfall per year is 1029.2 mm, the highest precipitations occur in October and December and the lowest in May and July. On average there are 178 rainy days and 6 snowy days on a yearly basis. The mean annual maximum temperature is 27.5°C in August, while the mean minimum temperature is 3.9°C in February. The mean annual relative humidity is 76%. Vegetation cover varies with climate and altitude. Up to 1500 m, have deciduous trees of Alnus spp., Carpinus spp., Castanea sativa, Fagus orientalis, Quercus spp. and shrubs such as Corylus spp. and Rhododendron spp. prevail. Corylus spp. are important crop plants as well. At 1500-1900 m the forest consists of Picea orientalis together with Pinus sylvestris (Atalay 1994). These forests provide suitable habitats for a rich lichen flora. Above 1900 m alpine meadows are dominant. Materials and methods The collections were identified with standart idendification methods of various lichen guides (

Lichens are complex associations composed of mycobiont and one or more algae or cyanobacteria which are living in symbiosis. Lichens are thought to possess therapeutic effects on many illnesses in worldwide. This study was performed to investigate antioxidant, anti-elastase and anti-urease activities of Usnea longissima Ach lichen. U. longissima was extracted with ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. The antioxidant activities of the extracts of U. longissima were determined with methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), total antioxidant capacity, determination of total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents. The binding action of the DPPH and ABTS radicals, CUPRAC activity increases with concentration of the extracts. Ethanol extracts exhibited higher anti-urease and anti-elastase activity. Highest inhibition was found as 49.86% for elastase and 18.38% for urease. Results of the present study suggest that U. longissima extracts can be an alternative to synthetic antioxidant, anti-elastase and anti-urease agents.