In an attempt to simulate the effect of a global climatic change, temperature manipulations were carried out in a natural population of Papaver radicatum from a low arctic area on Disko Island, West Greenland. The manipulations were carried out by means of ITEX corners, which are angular plexiglass screens placed around individual plants. The corners were placed with openings towards four directions and different microclimatic conditions were obtained. The corners increase the summer temperature to different degrees in the four directions. In addition they are windscreens and eventually accumulate snow, dependent on the wind directions.Dataloggers in a set of corners measured temperatures at the end of one growing season and at the beginning of the next. Spring was delayed in all corners due to increased snow cover duration, especially in those facing East and North. Nevertheless, temperatures were increased in the corners during the season, and highest temperature sums were obtained in those facing South and West. No temperature increase was found in the North-facing corners. No effect was seen on the plants the first year after application of the ITEX corners. In the second year an increased biomass was observed in corners facing West and South in accordance with the higher temperatures experienced in these directions. In the third biomass year plants in corners facing West decreased and those facing North slightly increased compared to previous years. After 4 years plants in corners facing West, South and East had attained significantly higher biomass than the control plants and the plants in corners facing North.An earlier onset of flowering was seen in the corners compared to control, and Southfacing corners had more flowers. An early onset of the growth period is an advantage to flowering, more so than increased temperatures during the season. Flowering was prolonged in the corners compared to controls, but there was a higher risk of frost damage to the flowers in the corners.

Abstract. Lateral changes in the group velocity of waves propagating in oceanic or coastal waters causes a deflection in their propagation path. The change in direction is called refraction and can be computed if having information about the ambient current field and/or the bathymetry. We present an open source module for solving the wave ray equations by means of numerical integration in Python v3, which is relevant for ocean applications. The solver is implemented for waves at arbitrary depths and for an ambient current field with spatio-temporal variability much lower than characteristic wave properties. The wave ray tracing module is implemented in a class structure, and the output is verified against analytical solutions as well as tested for numerical convergence. The solver is accompanied by a set of ancillary functions with the aim of supporting relevant workflows for the user community including data retrieval, transformation, and dissemination, and a number of use examples are provided.

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