Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to study the operational efficiency of aerospace industry in China and compare the difference in efficiency between the private aerospace enterprises and the state-owned aerospace enterprises. This paper enriches the study on evaluating the operational efficiency of aerospace industry and develops the theory on aerospace industry management. Design/methodology/approach -The sample comprises all the aerospace enterprises listed in the A share market for which financial data are collected from the RESSET for subsequent analysis. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI) are used to derive findings. Findings -The paper finds both the scale and the technical level of the industry increased during the period, and this was mainly due to the growth of the state-owned enterprises. However, with the increase of scale, the total factor productivity of the sample decreased. This was mainly because the performance of the leading enterprises regressed. Overall, the operational efficiency of the industry was still relatively low. By comparing the private enterprises and the state-owned enterprises, this paper finds, in terms of scale, the private enterprises were far lower than the state-owned enterprises. However, as for operational efficiency, the private was more efficient, which indicates an imbalance in the development of the industry. Originality/value -This paper explores the operational efficiency across the Chinese aerospace industry, a focus currently lacking in research, presenting an overview of the industry and examining the difference in efficiency between the private aerospace enterprises and the state-owned aerospace enterprises to provide policymakers and managers with some practical suggestions to promote the development of the industry.

In recent years, low-carbon development, and the change in military technology in relation to energy change have necessitated new energy innovation. Moreover, low-carbon development and civilmilitary integration (CMI) aim to improve economic sustainability. Thus, undertaking new energy innovation under the CMI approach is an efficient way to achieve energy technology innovation and economic sustainable development. However, there is inefficient cooperation between civilian enterprises (CEs) and military enterprises (MEs) due to inadequate government regulations regarding CMI. Considering the instability of this embryonic industry, evolutionary game theory (EGT) could be effective for analyzing the strategies of the local government (LG), CEs, and MEs in the Chinese new energy CMI industry. Thus, this study built a tripartite-agent evolutionary model to analyze the impact of LG regulation on enterprise cooperation. The results suggest that, 1) the punishment mechanism is an essential regulation tool; 2) the LG's correlation return from enterprises' cooperation influences the level of the encouragement it provides; 3) if penalty mechanism fails, increasing the support above the medium degree to CEs and decreasing the ratio of MEs' excess earnings from cooperation to below the medium degree could support enterprises achieve cooperation. This study supplements the inadequate research on joint innovation on military and civilian energy issues. Moreover, the research results could provide references for real-world practice. INDEX TERMS Civil-military integration, multi-agent evolutionary game theory, new energy technology innovation, cooperation. HANBO LIU is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the

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