Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is expected to play an important role in the clean energy transition ahead. Due to its low power density, PV requires much space, which could be a limiting factor for its future expansion. Placing PV on water has therefore become an interesting alternative siting solution. In this paper, the floating photovoltaic system is divided into four categories: fixed pile photovoltaic system, floating photovoltaic system, floating platform system and floating photovoltaic tracking system, and the principles, technologies, and future challenges of PV systems on water will be reviewed. Fixed pile PV is a kind of amphibious system with a column fixed under water yielding better safety. Floating PV systems are highly modular, easier to install, and more practical in countries with high population density and less available land. Another floating platform system builds upon a floating platform. Floating photovoltaic tracking systems have also been proposed to maximize the solar yield. When facing water level changes, PV systems need a mooring system that can adapt with the water level and avoid horizontal movement. Other challenges encountered with water PV are discussed and future research directions are presented.

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