In flowering plants, the asymmetrical division of the zygote is the first hallmark of apical-basal polarity of the embryo and is controlled by a MAP kinase pathway that includes the MAPKKK YODA (YDA). In Arabidopsis, YDA is activated by the membraneassociated pseudokinase SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) through an unusual parent-of-origin effect: SSP transcripts accumulate specifically in sperm cells but are translationally silent. Only after fertilization is SSP protein transiently produced in the zygote, presumably from paternally inherited transcripts. SSP is a recently diverged, Brassicaceae-specific member of the BRASSINOSTEROID SIGNALING KINASE (BSK) family. BSK proteins typically play broadly overlapping roles as receptorassociated signaling partners in various receptor kinase pathways involved in growth and innate immunity. This raises two questions: How did a protein with generic function involved in signal relay acquire the property of a signal-like patterning cue, and how is the early patterning process activated in plants outside the Brassicaceae family, where SSP orthologs are absent? Here, we show that Arabidopsis BSK1 and BSK2, two close paralogs of SSP that are conserved in flowering plants, are involved in several YDA-dependent signaling events, including embryogenesis. However, the contribution of SSP to YDA activation in the early embryo does not overlap with the contributions of BSK1 and BSK2. The loss of an intramolecular regulatory interaction enables SSP to constitutively activate the YDA signaling pathway, and thus initiates apical-basal patterning as soon as SSP protein is translated after fertilization and without the necessity of invoking canonical receptor activation.Arabidopsis thaliana | evolution | MAP kinase signaling | embryogenesis |

Receptor kinases with extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains (LRR-RKs) form the largest group of membrane signaling proteins in plants. LRR-RKs can sense small molecule, peptide, or protein ligands, and may be activated by ligand-induced interaction with a shape complementary SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) co-receptor kinase. We have previously shown that SERKs can also form constitutive, ligand-independent complexes with the LRR ectodomains of BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase 3 (BIR3) receptor pseudokinases, negative regulators of LRR-RK signaling. Here we report that receptor chimera in which the extracellular LRR domain of BIR3 is fused to the cytoplasmic kinase domains of the SERK-dependent LRR-RKs BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, HAESA and ERECTA form tight complexes with endogenous SERK co-receptors in the absence of ligand stimulus. Expression of these chimeras under the control of the endogenous promoter of the respective LRR-RK leads to strong gain-of-function brassinosteroid, floral abscission, and stomatal patterning phenotypes, respectively. Importantly, a BIR3-GSO1/SGN3 chimera can partially complement sgn3 Casparian strip formation phenotypes, suggesting that SERK proteins also mediate GSO1/SGN3 receptor activation. Collectively, our protein engineering approach may be used to elucidate the physiological functions of orphan LRR-RKs and to identify their receptor activation mechanism in single transgenic lines.

194 words) Receptor kinases with extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains (LRR-RKs) form the largest group of membrane signaling proteins in plants. LRR-RKs can sense small molecule, peptide or protein ligands, and may be activated by ligand-induced interaction with a shape complementary SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) coreceptor kinase. We have previously shown that SERKs can also form constitutive, ligandindependent complexes with the LRR ectodomains of BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase 3 (BIR3) receptor pseudokinases, negative regulators of LRR-RK signaling. Here we report that receptor chimaera in which the extracellular LRR domain of BIR3 is fused to the cytoplasmic kinase domains of the SERK-dependent LRR-RKs BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, HAESA and ERECTA form tight complexes with endogenous SERK co-receptors in the absence of ligand stimulus. Expression of these chimaera under the control of the endogenous promoter of the respective LRR-RK leads to strong gain-of-function brassinosteroid, floral abscission and stomatal patterning phenotypes, respectively. Importantly, a BIR3-GSO1/SGN3 chimera can partially complement sgn3 Casparian strip formation phenotypes, suggesting that GSO1/SGN3 receptor activation is also mediated by SERK proteins. Collectively, our protein engineering approach may be used to elucidate the physiological functions of orphan LRR-RKs and to identify their receptor activation mechanism in single transgenic lines. 2 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 MAP kinase signaling pathway (Meng et al., 2015) with diverse roles in plant development involvesthe LRR-RK ERECTA (ER) and its paralogs ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) and ERL2 (Torii et al., 1996;Shpak, 2013). ER, ERL1 and ERL2 together control stomata development and their correct spacing on the leaf surface (Shpak et al., 2005). Cysteine-rich EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR peptides (EPFs) bind to the ectodomains of ER, ERL1 and ERL2 which form constitutive complexes with the ectodomain of the receptor-like protein (RLP) TOO MANY MOUTH (TMM) Vl and elution at 0.75 ml min -1 was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance at λ = 280 nm. To chimera; # numbers indicate independent lines.(C) Anti-GFP western blot together with the Ponceau-stained membrane as loading control.

No abstract

Embryogenesis of flowering plants is initiated by polarization of the zygote, a prerequisite for correct axis formation in the embryo. Zygote polarity and the decision between embryonic and non-embryonic development in the daughter cells is controlled by a MITOGEN-ACTIVATING PROTEIN (MAP) kinase signaling pathway including the MAPKK kinase YODA (YDA). Upstream of YDA act two members of the BRASINOSTEROID SIGNALING KINASE (BSK) family, BSK1 and BSK2. These membrane-associated proteins serve as signaling relay linking receptor kinase complexes with intracellular signaling cascades. The receptor kinases acting upstream of BSK1 and BSK2 in the zygote, however, have so far not been identified. Instead, YDA can in part be activated by the non-canonical BSK family member SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) that is contributed by the sperm cell during fertilization. Here, we show that the receptor kinase ERECTA plays a crucial role in zygote polarization as maternally contributed part of the embryonic YDA pathway. SSP on the other hand provides an independent, paternal input to YDA activation, outlining a Y-shaped pathway. We conclude that two independent parental contributions initiate zygote polarization and control suspensor formation and embryonic development.