We present the System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains (SHiELD), an atmosphere model developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupling the nonhydrostatic FV3 Dynamical Core to a physics suite originally taken from the Global Forecast System. SHiELD is designed to demonstrate new capabilities within its components, explore new model applications, and to answer scientific questions through these new functionalities. A variety of configurations are presented, including short-to-medium-range and subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction, global-to-regional convective-scale hurricane and contiguous U.S. precipitation forecasts, and global cloud-resolving modeling. Advances within SHiELD can be seamlessly transitioned into other Unified Forecast System or FV3-based models, including operational implementations of the Unified Forecast System. Continued development of SHiELD has shown improvement upon existing models. The flagship 13-km SHiELD demonstrates steadily improved large-scale prediction skill and precipitation prediction skill. SHiELD and the coarser-resolution S-SHiELD demonstrate a superior diurnal cycle compared to existing climate models; the latter also demonstrates 28 days of useful prediction skill for the Madden-Julian Oscillation. The global-to-regional nested configurations T-SHiELD (tropical Atlantic) and C-SHiELD (contiguous United States) show significant improvement in hurricane structure from a new tracer advection scheme and promise for medium-range prediction of convective storms. Plain Language Summary At many weather forecasting centers where computer weather models are run, different models are run for different applications. However, each separate model multiplies the effort needed to maintain and upgrade each model and makes it difficult to move improvements between models. We present a new "unified" weather modeling system, System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains, able to be configured for a variety of applications. This system uses a powerful computer code, FV3, to compute the fluid motion of the atmosphere at any scale and also able to zoom in on areas of interest to better "see" severe storms or intense hurricanes. We show how we started from a quickly assembled model for testing FV3 and then gradually improved the representation of different atmospheric processes and expanded into new uses for the system, including short-range severe thunderstorm prediction, hurricane forecasting, and forecasts out to as long as 6 weeks. We address some of the challenges that we faced and discuss prospects for future model improvements. Since many of the parts of System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains are used by models being developed by the National Weather Service for use by weather forecasters, the advances described here can be rapidly introduced into those models, eventually improving official forecasts. 1. Unified Modeling at GFDL As computing power increases, global atmosphere models are now capable of regul...

We present the System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains (SHiELD), an atmosphere model developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupling the nonhydrostatic FV3 Dynamical Core to a physics suite originally taken from the Global Forecast System. SHiELD is designed to demonstrate new capabilities within its components, explore new model applications, and to answer scientific questions through these new functionalities. A variety of configurations are presented, including short-to-medium-range and subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction, global-to-regional convective-scale hurricane and contiguous U.S. precipitation forecasts, and global cloud-resolving modeling. Advances within SHiELD can be seamlessly transitioned into other Unified Forecast System or FV3-based models, including operational implementations of the Unified Forecast System. Continued development of SHiELD has shown improvement upon existing models. The flagship 13-km SHiELD demonstrates steadily improved large-scale prediction skill and precipitation prediction skill. SHiELD and the coarser-resolution S-SHiELD demonstrate a superior diurnal cycle compared to existing climate models; the latter also demonstrates 28 days of useful prediction skill for the Madden-Julian Oscillation. The global-to-regional nested configurations T-SHiELD (tropical Atlantic) and C-SHiELD (contiguous United States) show significant improvement in hurricane structure from a new tracer advection scheme and promise for medium-range prediction of convective storms.Plain Language Summary At many weather forecasting centers where computer weather models are run, different models are run for different applications. However, each separate model multiplies the effort needed to maintain and upgrade each model and makes it difficult to move improvements between models. We present a new "unified" weather modeling system, System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains, able to be configured for a variety of applications. This system uses a powerful computer code, FV3, to compute the fluid motion of the atmosphere at any scale and also able to zoom in on areas of interest to better "see" severe storms or intense hurricanes. We show how we started from a quickly assembled model for testing FV3 and then gradually improved the representation of different atmospheric processes and expanded into new uses for the system, including short-range severe thunderstorm prediction, hurricane forecasting, and forecasts out to as long as 6 weeks. We address some of the challenges that we faced and discuss prospects for future model improvements. Since many of the parts of System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains are used by models being developed by the National Weather Service for use by weather forecasters, the advances described here can be rapidly introduced into those models, eventually improving official forecasts. Unified Modeling at GFDLAs computing power increases, global atmosphere models are now capable of regular si...

Intense convection, featuring large vertical motions and water phase changes, has profound consequences for many aspects of atmospheric and climate science. Intense convection is a major source of weather hazards due to its association with heavy rain, damaging winds, and large hail. Worldwide, the daily economic loss related to intense convection is about 108 million US dollars over the period 1970(WMO, 2021. In the context of climate, intense convection plays a critical role in Earth's energy balance, as intense convection modulates radiative balance through its effect on both the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing longwave radiation. Furthermore, intense convection modulates energy transfer dynamically and thermodynamically within the atmosphere.Previous global model studies (e.g., Diffenbaugh et al., 2013) argued that a warming climate is likely to enhance the frequency and intensity of intense convection. The argument, however, is based on the analysis of convective environmental proxies (e.g., low-level wind shear and convective available potential energy [CAPE]), rather than the simulation of the convection itself. This limitation arises because traditional climate models have too coarse a grid to simulate intense convection explicitly. Alternatively, high-resolution regional dynamical downscaling can simulate intense convection explicitly (e.g., Hoogewind et al., 2017). However, those regional studies cannot reveal the full global distribution of intense convection.